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Network Working Group I. Hickson
Internet-Draft Google, Inc.
Intended status: Standards Track July 28, 2009
Expires: January 29, 2010
The Web Socket protocol
draft-hixie-thewebsocketprotocol-24
Status of this Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
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The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
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This Internet-Draft will expire on January 29, 2010.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2009 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents in effect on the date of
publication of this document (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
and restrictions with respect to this document.
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Abstract
This protocol enables two-way communication between a user agent
running untrusted code running in a controlled environment to a
remote host that understands the protocol. It is intended to fail to
communicate with servers of pre-existing protocols like SMTP or HTTP,
while allowing HTTP servers to opt-in to supporting this protocol if
desired. It is designed to be easy to implement on the server side.
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Author's note
This document is automatically generated from the same source
document as the HTML5 specification. [HTML5]
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1. Security model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2. Relationship to TCP/IP and HTTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3. Establishing a connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Conformance requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Client-side requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1. Handshake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2. Data framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3. Handling errors in UTF-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4. Server-side requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.1. Minimal handshake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2. Handshake details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.3. Data framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5. Closing the connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6. Security considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7. IANA considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
8. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
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1. Introduction
The Web Socket protocol is designed on the principle that there
should be minimal framing (the only framing that exists is to make
the protocol frame-based instead of stream-based, and to support a
distinction between Unicode text and binary frames). It is expected
that metadata would be layered on top of Web Socket by the
application layer, in the same way that metadata is layered on top of
TCP/IP by the application layer (HTTP).
Conceptually, Web Socket is really just a layer on top of TCP/IP that
adds a Web "origin"-based security model for browsers; adds an
addressing and protocol naming mechanism to support multiple services
on one port and multiple host names on one IP address; and layers a
framing mechanism on top of TCP to get back to the IP packet
mechanism that TCP is built on, but without length limits. Other
than that, it adds nothing. Basically it is intended to be as close
as possible to just exposing raw TCP/IP to script as possible given
the constraints of the Web. It's also designed in such a way that its
servers can share a port with HTTP servers, by having its handshake
be a valid HTTP Upgrade handshake also.
1.1. Security model
The Web Socket protocol uses the origin model used by Web browsers to
restrict which Web pages can contact a Web Socket server when the Web
Socket protocol is used from a Web page. Naturally, when the Web
Socket protocol is used directly (not from a Web page), the origin
model is not useful, as the client can provide any arbitrary origin
string.
1.2. Relationship to TCP/IP and HTTP
The Web Socket protocol is an independent TCP-based protocol. It's
only relationship to HTTP is that its handshake is interpreted by
HTTP servers as an Upgrade request.
The Web Socket protocol by default uses port 81 for regular Web
Socket connections and port 815 for Web Socket connections tunneled
over TLS.
1.3. Establishing a connection
There are several options for establishing a Web Socket connection.
The simplest method is to use port 81 to get a direct connection to a
Web Socket server. However, this port may be blocked by firewalls.
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The second simplest method is to use TLS encryption and port 815 to
connect directly to a Web Socket server. This is the preferred
solution, as it is secure and correct. However, TLS encryption can
be computationally expensive, and port 815 might also be blocked by
firewalls.
To avoid firewalls, ports 80 and 443 might be used instead. These
are the HTTP and HTTPS ports. Port 80 traffic, however, will often
be intercepted by HTTP proxies, which can lead to the connection
failing to be established.
Port 443, using encryption, is therefore the most reliable solution.
It is unlikely to be blocked by a firewall or intercepted by a proxy.
However, again, TLS encryption can be computationally expensive.
When a connection is to be made to a port that is shared by an HTTP
server (a situation that is quite likely to occur with traffic to
ports 80 and 443), the connection will appear to the HTTP server to
be a regular GET request with an Upgrade offer. In relatively simple
setups with just one IP address and a single server for all traffic
to a single hostname, this might allow a practical way for systems
based on the Web Socket protocol to be deployed. In more elaborate
setups (e.g. with load balancers and multiple servers), a dedicated
set of hosts for Web Socket connections separate from the HTTP
servers is probably easier to manage.
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2. Conformance requirements
All diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-
normative, as are all sections explicitly marked non-normative.
Everything else in this specification is normative.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT",
"RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in the normative parts of this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119. For
readability, these words do not appear in all uppercase letters in
this specification. [RFC2119]
Requirements phrased in the imperative as part of algorithms (such as
"strip any leading space characters" or "return false and abort these
steps") are to be interpreted with the meaning of the key word
("must", "should", "may", etc) used in introducing the algorithm.
Conformance requirements phrased as algorithms or specific steps may
be implemented in any manner, so long as the end result is
equivalent. (In particular, the algorithms defined in this
specification are intended to be easy to follow, and not intended to
be performant.)
Implementations may impose implementation-specific limits on
otherwise unconstrained inputs, e.g. to prevent denial of service
attacks, to guard against running out of memory, or to work around
platform-specific limitations.
The conformance classes defined by this specification are user agents
and servers.
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3. Client-side requirements
_This section only applies to user agents, not to servers._
NOTE: This specification doesn't currently define a limit to the
number of simultaneous connections that a client can establish to a
server.
3.1. Handshake
When the user agent is to *establish a Web Socket connection* to a
host /host/, optionally on port /port/, from an origin /origin/, with
a flag /secure/, with a particular /resource name/, and optionally
with a particular /protocol/, it must run the following steps.
NOTE: The /host/ and /origin/ strings will be all-lowercase when this
algorithm is invoked.
1. If there is no explicit /port/, then: if /secure/ is false, let
/port/ be 81, otherwise let /port/ be 815.
2. If the user agent already has a Web Socket connection to the
remote host (IP address) identified by /host/, even if known by
another name, wait until that connection has been established or
for that connection to have failed.
NOTE: This makes it harder for a script to perform a denial of
service attack by just opening a large number of Web Socket
connections to a remote host.
NOTE: There is no limit to the number of established Web Socket
connections a user agent can have with a single remote host.
Servers can refuse to connect users with an excessive number of
connections, or disconnect resource-hogging users when suffering
high load.
3. If the user agent is configured to use a proxy when using the
Web Socket protocol to connect to host /host/ and/or port
/port/, then connect to that proxy and ask it to open a TCP/IP
connection to the host given by /host/ and the port given by
/port/.
EXAMPLE: For example, if the user agent uses an HTTP proxy
for all traffic, then if it was to try to connect to port 80
on server example.com, it might send the following lines to
the proxy server:
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CONNECT example.com:80 HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
If there was a password, the connection might look like:
CONNECT example.com:80 HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
Proxy-authorization: Basic ZWRuYW1vZGU6bm9jYXBlcyE=
Otherwise, if the user agent is not configured to use a proxy,
then open a TCP/IP connection to the host given by /host/ and
the port given by /port/.
NOTE: Implementations that do not expose explicit UI for
selecting a proxy for Web Socket connections separate from other
proxies are encouraged to use a SOCKS proxy for Web Socket
connections, if available, or failing that, to prefer an HTTPS
proxy over an HTTP proxy.
4. If the connection could not be opened, then fail the Web Socket
connection and abort these steps.
5. If /secure/ is true, perform a TLS handshake over the
connection. If this fails (e.g. the server's certificate could
not be verified), then fail the Web Socket connection and abort
these steps. Otherwise, all further communication on this
channel must run through the encrypted tunnel. [RFC2246]
6. Send the following bytes to the remote side (the server):
47 45 54 20
Send the /resource name/ value, encoded as US-ASCII.
Send the following bytes:
20 48 54 54 50 2f 31 2e 31 0d 0a 55 70 67 72 61
64 65 3a 20 57 65 62 53 6f 63 6b 65 74 0d 0a 43
6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 3a 20 55 70 67 72 61
64 65 0d 0a
NOTE: The string "GET ", the path, " HTTP/1.1", CRLF, the string
"Upgrade: WebSocket", CRLF, and the string "Connection:
Upgrade", CRLF.
7. Send the following bytes:
48 6f 73 74 3a 20
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Send the /host/ value, encoded as US-ASCII.
Send the following bytes:
0d 0a
NOTE: The string "Host: ", the host, and CRLF.
8. Send the following bytes:
4f 72 69 67 69 6e 3a 20
Send the /origin/ value, encoded as US-ASCII.
NOTE: The /origin/ value is a string that was passed to this
algorithm.
Send the following bytes:
0d 0a
NOTE: The string "Origin: ", the origin, and CRLF.
9. If there is no /protocol/, then skip this step.
Otherwise, send the following bytes:
57 65 62 53 6f 63 6b 65 74 2d 50 72 6f 74 6f 63
6f 6c 3a 20
Send the /protocol/ value, encoded as US-ASCII.
Send the following bytes:
0d 0a
NOTE: The string "WebSocket-Protocol: ", the protocol, and CRLF.
10. If the client has any authentication information or cookies that
would be relevant to a resource accessed over HTTP, if /secure/
is false, or HTTPS, if it is true, on host /host/, port /port/,
with /resource name/ as the path (and possibly query
parameters), then HTTP headers that would be appropriate for
that information should be sent at this point. [RFC2616]
[RFC2109] [RFC2965]
Each header must be on a line of its own (each ending with a CR
LF sequence). For the purposes of this step, each header must
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not be split into multiple lines (despite HTTP otherwise
allowing this with continuation lines).
EXAMPLE: For example, if the server had a username and
password that applied to |http://example.com/socket|, and the
Web Socket was being opened to |ws://example.com:80/socket|,
it could send them:
Authorization: Basic d2FsbGU6ZXZl
However, it would not send them if the Web Socket was being
opened to |ws://example.com/socket|, as that uses a different
port (81, not 80).
11. Send the following bytes:
0d 0a
NOTE: Just a CRLF (a blank line).
12. Read the first 85 bytes from the server. If the connection
closes before 85 bytes are received, or if the first 85 bytes
aren't exactly equal to the following bytes, then fail the Web
Socket connection and abort these steps.
48 54 54 50 2f 31 2e 31 20 31 30 31 20 57 65 62
20 53 6f 63 6b 65 74 20 50 72 6f 74 6f 63 6f 6c
20 48 61 6e 64 73 68 61 6b 65 0d 0a 55 70 67 72
61 64 65 3a 20 57 65 62 53 6f 63 6b 65 74 0d 0a
43 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 3a 20 55 70 67 72
61 64 65 0d 0a
NOTE: The string "HTTP/1.1 101 Web Socket Protocol Handshake",
CRLF, the string "Upgrade: WebSocket", CRLF, the string
"Connection: Upgrade", CRLF.
User agents may apply a timeout to this step, failing the Web
Socket connection if the server does not respond with the above
bytes within a suitable time period.
13. Let /headers/ be a list of name-value pairs, initially empty.
14. _Header_: Let /name/ and /value/ be empty byte arrays.
15. Read a byte from the server.
If the connection closes before this byte is received, then fail
the Web Socket connection and abort these steps.
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Otherwise, handle the byte as described in the appropriate entry
below:
-> If the byte is 0x0d (ASCII CR)
If the /name/ byte array is empty, then jump to the headers
processing step. Otherwise, fail the Web Socket connection
and abort these steps.
-> If the byte is 0x0a (ASCII LF)
Fail the Web Socket connection and abort these steps.
-> If the byte is 0x3a (ASCII ":")
Move on to the next step.
-> If the byte is in the range 0x41 .. 0x5a (ASCII "A" .. "Z")
Append a byte whose value is the byte's value plus 0x20 to
the /name/ byte array and redo this step for the next byte.
-> Otherwise
Append the byte to the /name/ byte array and redo this step
for the next byte.
NOTE: This reads a header name, terminated by a colon,
converting upper-case ASCII letters to lowercase, and aborting
if a stray CR or LF is found.
16. Read a byte from the server.
If the connection closes before this byte is received, then fail
the Web Socket connection and abort these steps.
Otherwise, handle the byte as described in the appropriate entry
below:
-> If the byte is 0x20 (ASCII space)
Ignore the byte and move on to the next step.
-> Otherwise
Treat the byte as described by the list in the next step,
then move on to that next step for real.
NOTE: This skips past a space character after the colon, if
necessary.
17. Read a byte from the server.
If the connection closes before this byte is received, then fail
the Web Socket connection and abort these steps.
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Otherwise, handle the byte as described in the appropriate entry
below:
-> If the byte is 0x0d (ASCII CR)
Move on to the next step.
-> If the byte is 0x0a (ASCII LF)
Fail the Web Socket connection and abort these steps.
-> Otherwise
Append the byte to the /value/ byte array and redo this step
for the next byte.
NOTE: This reads a header value, terminated by a CRLF.
18. Read a byte from the server.
If the connection closes before this byte is received, or if the
byte is not a 0x0a byte (ASCII LF), then fail the Web Socket
connection and abort these steps.
NOTE: This skips past the LF byte of the CRLF after the header.
19. Append an entry to the /headers/ list that has the name given by
the string obtained by interpreting the /name/ byte array as a
UTF-8 byte stream and the value given by the string obtained by
interpreting the /value/ byte array as a UTF-8 byte stream.
20. Return to the "Header" step above.
21. _Headers processing_: If there is not exactly one entry in the
/headers/ list whose name is "websocket-origin", or if there is
not exactly one entry in the /headers/ list whose name is
"websocket-location", or if the /protocol/ was specified but
there is not exactly one entry in the /headers/ list whose name
is "websocket-protocol", or if there are any entries in the
/headers/ list whose names are the empty string, then fail the
Web Socket connection and abort these steps.
22. Read a byte from the server.
If the connection closes before this byte is received, or if the
byte is not a 0x0a byte (ASCII LF), then fail the Web Socket
connection and abort these steps.
NOTE: This skips past the LF byte of the CRLF after the blank
line after the headers.
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23. Handle each entry in the /headers/ list as follows:
-> If the entry's name is "websocket-origin"
If the value is not exactly equal to /origin/, converted to
ASCII lowercase, then fail the Web Socket connection and
abort these steps.
-> If the entry's name is "websocket-location"
If the value is not exactly equal to a string consisting of
the following components in the same order, then fail the Web
Socket connection and abort these steps:
1. The string "ws" if /secure/ is false and "wss" if
/secure/ is true
2. The three characters "://".
3. The value of /host/.
4. If /secure/ is false and /port/ is not 81, or if /secure/
is true and /port/ is not 815: a ":" character followed
by the value of /port/.
5. The value of /resource name/.
-> If the entry's name is "websocket-protocol"
If there was a /protocol/ specified, and the value is not
exactly equal to /protocol/, then fail the Web Socket
connection and abort these steps. (If no /protocol/ was
specified, the header is ignored.)
-> If the entry's name is "set-cookie" or "set-cookie2" or
another cookie-related header name
Handle the cookie as defined by the appropriate spec, with
the resource being the one with the host /host/, the port
/port/, the path (and possibly query parameters) /resource
name/, and the scheme |http| if /secure/ is false and |https|
if /secure/ is true. [RFC2109] [RFC2965]
-> Any other name
Ignore it.
24. The *Web Socket connection is established*. Now the user agent
must send and receive to and from the connection as described in
the next section.
To *fail the Web Socket connection*, the user agent must close the
Web Socket connection, and may report the problem to the user (which
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would be especially useful for developers). However, user agents
must not convey the failure information to the script that attempted
the connection in a way distinguishable from the Web Socket being
closed normally.
3.2. Data framing
Once a Web Socket connection is established, the user agent must run
through the following state machine for the bytes sent by the server.
1. Try to read a byte from the server. Let /frame type/ be that
byte.
If no byte could be read because the Web Socket connection is
closed, then abort.
2. Handle the /frame type/ byte as follows:
If the high-order bit of the /frame type/ byte is set (i.e. if
/frame type/ _and_ed with 0x80 returns 0x80)
Run these steps. If at any point during these steps a read is
attempted but fails because the Web Socket connection is
closed, then abort.
1. Let /length/ be zero.
2. _Length_: Read a byte, let /b/ be that byte.
3. Let /b_v/ be integer corresponding to the low 7 bits of
/b/ (the value you would get by _and_ing /b/ with 0x7f).
4. Multiply /length/ by 128, add /b_v/ to that result, and
store the final result in /length/.
5. If the high-order bit of /b/ is set (i.e. if /b/ _and_ed
with 0x80 returns 0x80), then return to the step above
labeled _length_.
6. Read /length/ bytes.
7. Discard the read bytes.
If the high-order bit of the /frame type/ byte is _not_ set (i.e.
if /frame type/ _and_ed with 0x80 returns 0x00)
Run these steps. If at any point during these steps a read is
attempted but fails because the Web Socket connection is
closed, then abort.
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1. Let /raw data/ be an empty byte array.
2. _Data_: Read a byte, let /b/ be that byte.
3. If /b/ is not 0xff, then append /b/ to /raw data/ and
return to the previous step (labeled _data_).
4. Interpret /raw data/ as a UTF-8 string, and store that
string in /data/.
5. If /frame type/ is 0x00, then *a message has been
received* with text /data/. Otherwise, discard the data.
3. Return to the first step to read the next byte.
If the user agent is faced with content that is too large to be
handled appropriately, then it must fail the Web Socket connection.
Once a Web Socket connection is established, the user agent must use
the following steps to *send /data/ using the Web Socket*:
1. Send a 0x00 byte to the server.
2. Encode /data/ using UTF-8 and send the resulting byte stream to
the server.
3. Send a 0xff byte to the server.
3.3. Handling errors in UTF-8
When a client is to interpret a byte stream as UTF-8 but finds that
the byte stream is not in fact a valid UTF-8 stream, then any bytes
or sequences of bytes that are not valid UTF-8 sequences must be
interpreted as a U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER.
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4. Server-side requirements
_This section only applies to servers._
4.1. Minimal handshake
NOTE: This section describes the minimal requirements for a server-
side implementation of Web Sockets.
Listen on a port for TCP/IP. Upon receiving a connection request,
open a connection and send the following bytes back to the client:
48 54 54 50 2f 31 2e 31 20 31 30 31 20 57 65 62
20 53 6f 63 6b 65 74 20 50 72 6f 74 6f 63 6f 6c
20 48 61 6e 64 73 68 61 6b 65 0d 0a 55 70 67 72
61 64 65 3a 20 57 65 62 53 6f 63 6b 65 74 0d 0a
43 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 3a 20 55 70 67 72
61 64 65 0d 0a
Send the string "WebSocket-Origin" followed by a U+003A COLON (":")
followed by the ASCII serialization of the origin from which the
server is willing to accept connections, followed by a CRLF pair
(0x0d 0x0a).
For instance:
WebSocket-Origin: http://example.com
Send the string "WebSocket-Location" followed by a U+003A COLON (":")
followed by the URL of the Web Socket script, followed by a CRLF pair
(0x0d 0x0a).
For instance:
WebSocket-Location: ws://example.com:80/demo
Send another CRLF pair (0x0d 0x0a).
Read data from the client until four bytes 0x0d 0x0a 0x0d 0x0a are
read. This data must either be discarded or handled as described in
the following section describing the handshake details.
If the connection isn't dropped at this point, go to the data framing
section.
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4.2. Handshake details
The previous section ignores the data that is transmitted by the
client during the handshake.
The data sent by the client consists of a number of fields separated
by CR LF pairs (bytes 0x0d 0x0a).
The first field consists of three tokens separated by space
characters (byte 0x20). The middle token is the path being opened.
If the server supports multiple paths, then the server should echo
the value of this field in the initial handshake, as part of the URL
given on the |WebSocket-Location| line (after the appropriate scheme
and host).
If the first field does not have three tokens, the server should
abort the connection as it probably represents an errorneous client.
The remaining fields consist of name-value pairs, with the name part
separated from the value part by a colon and a space (bytes 0x3a
0x20). Of these, several are interesting:
Host (bytes 48 6f 73 74)
The value gives the hostname that the client intended to use when
opening the Web Socket. It would be of interest in particular to
virtual hosting environments, where one server might serve
multiple hosts, and might therefore want to return different data.
The right host has to be output as part of the URL given on the
|WebSocket-Location| line of the handshake described above, to
verify that the server knows that it is really representing that
host.
Origin (bytes 4f 72 69 67 69 6e)
The value gives the scheme, hostname, and port (if it's not the
default port for the given scheme) of the page that asked the
client to open the Web Socket. It would be interesting if the
server's operator had deals with operators of other sites, since
the server could then decide how to respond (or indeed, _whether_
to respond) based on which site was requesting a connection.
If the server supports connections from more than one origin, then
the server should echo the value of this field in the initial
handshake, on the |WebSocket-Origin| line.
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Other fields
Other fields can be used, such as "Cookie" or "Authorization", for
authentication purposes.
Any fields that lack the colon-space separator should be discarded
and may cause the server to disconnect.
4.3. Data framing
NOTE: This section only describes how to handle content that this
specification allows user agents to send (text). It doesn't handle
any arbitrary content in the same way that the requirements on user
agents defined earlier handle any content including possible future
extensions to the protocols.
The server must run through the following steps to process the bytes
sent by the client:
1. Read a byte from the client. Assuming everything is going
according to plan, it will be a 0x00 byte. If the byte is not a
0x00 byte, then the server may disconnect.
2. Let /raw data/ be an empty byte array.
3. _Data_: Read a byte, let /b/ be that byte.
4. If /b/ is not 0xff, then append /b/ to /raw data/ and return to
the previous step (labeled _data_).
5. Interpret /raw data/ as a UTF-8 string, and apply whatever
server-specific processing is to occur for the resulting string.
6. Return to the first step to read the next byte.
The server must run through the following steps to send strings to
the client:
1. Send a 0x00 byte to the client to indicate the start of a string.
2. Encode /data/ using UTF-8 and send the resulting byte stream to
the client.
3. Send a 0xff byte to the client to indicate the end of the
message.
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5. Closing the connection
To *close the Web Socket connection*, either the user agent or the
server closes the TCP/IP connection. There is no closing handshake.
Whether the user agent or the server closes the connection, it is
said that the *Web Socket connection is closed*.
Servers may close the Web Socket connection whenever desired.
User agents should not close the Web Socket connection arbitrarily.
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6. Security considerations
** ISSUE ** ...
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7. IANA considerations
** ISSUE ** ...(two URI schemes, two ports, HTTP Upgrade keyword)
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8. Normative References
[HTML5] Hickson, I., "HTML5", July 2009.
[RFC2109] Kristol, D. and L. Montulli, "HTTP State Management
Mechanism", RFC 2109, February 1997.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2246] Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0",
RFC 2246, January 1999.
[RFC2616] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,
Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext
Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.
[RFC2965] Kristol, D. and L. Montulli, "HTTP State Management
Mechanism", RFC 2965, October 2000.
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Author's Address
Ian Hickson
Google, Inc.
Email: ian@hixie.ch
URI: http://ln.hixie.ch/
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