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Versions: 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 RFC 5339
Network Working Group J.L. Le Roux (Ed.)
Internet Draft France Telecom
Category: Informational
Expires: January 2008 D. Papadimitriou (Ed.)
Alcatel-Lucent
July 2007
Evaluation of existing GMPLS Protocols against Multi Layer
and Multi Region Networks (MLN/MRN)
draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-eval-03.txt
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Abstract
This document provides an evaluation of Generalized Multi-Protocol
Label Switching (GMPLS) protocols and mechanisms against the
requirements for Multi-Layer Networks (MLN) and Multi-Region Networks
(MRN). In addition, this document identifies areas where additional
protocol extensions or procedures are needed to satisfy these
requirements, and provides guidelines for potential extensions.
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Conventions used in this document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................................3
2. MLN/MRN Requirements Overview...............................4
3. Analysis....................................................4
3.1. Multi Layer Network Aspects.................................4
3.1.1. Support for Virtual Network Topology Reconfiguration........4
3.1.1.1. Control of FA-LSPs Setup/Release..........................5
3.1.1.2. Virtual TE-Links..........................................6
3.1.1.3. Traffic Disruption Minimization During FA Release.........7
3.1.1.4. Stability.................................................8
3.1.2. Support for FA-LSP Attributes Inheritance...................8
3.1.3. FA-LSP Connectivity Verification............................8
3.2. Specific Aspects for Multi-Region Networks..................9
3.2.1. Support for Multi-Region Signaling..........................9
3.2.2. Advertisement of Internal Adaptation Capabilities...........9
4. Evaluation Conclusion......................................12
5. Security Considerations....................................12
6. Acknowledgments............................................12
7. References.................................................13
7.1. Normative..................................................13
7.2. Informative................................................13
8. Editors' Addresses:........................................14
9. Contributors' Addresses:...................................14
10. Intellectual Property Statement............................15
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1. Introduction
Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) extends MPLS to
handle multiple switching technologies: packet switching (PSC),
layer-two switching (L2SC), TDM switching (TDM), wavelength switching
(LSC) and fiber switching (FSC) (see [RFC 3945]).
A data plane layer is a collection of network resources capable of
terminating and/or switching data traffic of a particular format. For
example, LSC, TDM VC-11 and TDM VC-4-64c are three different layers.
A network comprising transport nodes with different data plane
switching layers controlled by a single GMPLS control plane instance
is called a Multi-Layer Network (MLN).
A GMPLS switching type (PSC, TDM, etc.) describes the ability of a
node to forward data of a particular data plane technology, and
uniquely identifies a control plane region. The notion of Label
Switched Path (LSP) Region is defined in [RFC4206]. A network
comprised of multiple switching types (for example PSC and TDM)
controlled by a single GMPLS control plane instance is called a
Multi-Region Network (MRN).
Note that the region is a control plane only concept. That is, layers
of the same region share the same switching technology and,
therefore, need the same set of technology-specific signaling
objects.
Note that a MRN is necessarily a MLN, but not vice versa, as a MLN
may consist of multiple data plane layers of the same switching
technology. Hence, in the following, we use the term "layer" if the
mechanism discussed applies equally to layers and regions (for
example VNT, virtual TE-link, etc.), and we specifically use the term
"region" if the mechanism applies only to the support of a MRN.
The objectives of this document are to evaluate existing GMPLS
mechanisms and protocols ([RFC 3945], [RFC4202], [RFC3471,
[RFC3473]]) against the requirements for MLN and MRN, defined in
[MLN-REQ]. From this evaluation, we identify several areas where
additional protocol extensions and modifications are required to meet
these requirements, and provide guidelines for potential extensions.
A summary of MLN/MRN requirements is provided in section 2. Then
section 3 evaluates for each of these requirements, whether current
GMPLS protocols and mechanisms meet the requirements. When the
requirements are not met by existing protocols, the document
identifies whether the required mechanisms could rely on GMPLS
protocols and procedure extensions or whether it is entirely out of
the scope of GMPLS protocols.
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Note that this document specifically addresses GMPLS control plane
functionality for MLN/MRN in the context of a single administrative
control plane partition. Partitions of the control plane where
separate layers are under distinct administrative control are for
future study.
This document uses terminologies defined in [RFC3945], [RFC4206], and
[MLN-REQ].
2. MLN/MRN Requirements Overview
Section 5 of [MLN-REQ] lists a set of functional requirements for
Multi Layer/Region Networks (MLN/MRN). These requirements are
summarized below, and a mapping with sub-sections of [MLN-REQ] is
provided.
Here is the list of requirements that apply to MLN:
- Support for robust Virtual Network Topology (VNT)
reconfiguration. This implies the following requirements:
- Optimal control of Forwarding Adjacency LSP (FA-LSP)
setup and release (section 5.8.1 of [MLN-REQ]);
- Support for virtual TE-links (section 5.8.2 of [MLN-
REQ]);
- Traffic Disruption minimization during FA-LSP release
(section 5.5 of [MLN-REQ]);
- Stability (section 5.4 of [MLN-REQ]);
- Support for FA-LSP attributes inheritance (section 5.6 of
[MLN-REQ]);
- Support for FA-LSP data plane connectivity verification
(section 5.9 of [MLN-REQ]);
Here is the list of requirements that apply to MRN only:
- Support for Multi-Region signaling (section 5.7 of [MLN-REQ]);
- Advertisement of the adaptation capabilities and resources
(section 5.2 of [MLN-REQ]);
3. Analysis
3.1. Multi Layer Network Aspects
3.1.1. Support for Virtual Network Topology Reconfiguration
A set of lower-layer FA-LSPs provides a Virtual Network Topology
(VNT) to the upper-layer [MLN-REQ]. By reconfiguring the VNT (FA-LSP
setup/release) according to traffic demands between source and
destination node pairs within a layer, network performance factors
such as maximum link utilization and residual capacity of the network
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can be optimized. Such optimal VNT reconfiguration implies several
mechanisms that are analyzed in the following sections.
Note that the VNT approach is just one possible approach to perform
inter-layer Traffic Engineering.
3.1.1.1. Control of FA-LSPs Setup/Release
In a Multi-Layer Network, FA-LSPs are created, modified, released
periodically according to the change of incoming traffic demands from
the upper layer.
This implies a TE mechanism that takes into account the demands
matrix, the TE topology and potentially the current VNT, in order to
compute and setup a new VNT.
Several functional building blocks are required to support such TE
mechanism:
- Discovery of TE topology and available resources.
- Collection of upper layer traffic demands.
- Policing and scheduling of VNT resources with regard to
traffic demands and usage (that is, decision to setup/release
FA-LSPs); The functional component in charge of this function
is called a VNT Manager (VNTM).
- VNT Paths Computation according to TE topology, and
potentially taking into account the old (existing) VNT to
minimize changes. The Functional component in charge of VNT
computation may be distributed on network elements or may be
centralized on an external tool (such as a Path Computation
Element (PCE), [RFC4655]).
- FA-LSP setup/release.
GMPLS routing protocols provide TE topology discovery.
GMPLS signaling protocols allow setting up/releasing FA-LSPs.
VNT Management functions (resources policing/scheduling, decision to
setup/release FA-LSPs, FA-LSP configuration) are out of the scope of
GMPLS protocols. Such functionalities can be achieved directly on
layer border LSRs, or through one or more external tools. When an
external tool is used, an interface is required between the VNTM and
the network elements so as to setup/releases FA-LSPs. This could use
standard management interfaces such as [RFC4802].
The set of traffic demands of the upper layer is required for the
VNT Manager to take decisions to setup/release FA-LSPs. Such
traffic demands include satisfied demands, for which one or more
upper layer LSP have been successfully satisfied, as well as
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unsatisfied demands and future demands, for which no upper layer LSP
has been setup yet. The collection of such information is beyond the
scope of GMPLS protocols, but may be partially inferred from
parameters carried in GMPLS signaling or advertised in GMPLS routing.
Finally, the computation of FA-LSPs that form the VNT can be
performed directly on layer border LSRs or on an external tool (such
as a Path Computation Element (PCE), [RFC4655]), and this is
independent of the location of the VNTM. VNT computation is triggered
by the VNTM (for example, when the path computation is externalized
on a PCE, the VNTM acts as Path Computation Client (PCC)).
Hence, to summarize, no GMPLS protocol extensions are required to
control FA-LSP setup/release.
3.1.1.2. Virtual TE-Links
A Virtual TE-link is a TE-link between two upper layer nodes that is
not actually associated with a fully provisioned FA-LSP in a lower
layer. A Virtual TE-link represents the potentiality to setup an FA-
LSP in the lower layer to support the TE-link that has been
advertised. A Virtual TE-link is advertised as any TE-link, following
the rules in [RFC4206] defined for fully provisioned TE-links. In
particular, the flooding scope of a Virtual TE-link is within an IGP
area, as is the case for any TE-link.
If an upper-layer LSP attempts (through a signalling message) to make
use of a Virtual TE-link, the underlying FA-LSP is immediately
signalled and provisioned in the process known as triggered
signaling.
The use of Virtual TE-links has two main advantages:
- Flexibility: allows the computation of an LSP path using TE-links
without needing to take into account the actual provisioning
status of the corresponding FA-LSP in the lower layer;
- Stability: allows stability of TE-links in the upper layer, while
avoiding wastage of bandwidth in the lower layer, as data plane
connections are not established until they are actually needed.
Virtual TE-links are setup/deleted/modified dynamically, according to
the change of the (forecast) traffic demand, operator's policies for
capacity utilization, and the available resources in the lower layer.
The support of Virtual TE-links requires two main building blocks:
- A TE mechanism for dynamic modification of Virtual TE-link
Topology;
- A signaling mechanism for the dynamic setup and deletion of
virtual TE-links. Setting up a virtual TE-link requires a
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signaling mechanism allowing an end-to-end association
between Virtual TE-link end points so as to exchange link
identifiers as well as some TE parameters.
The TE mechanism responsible for triggering/policing dynamic
modification of Virtual TE-links is out of the scope of GMPLS
protocols.
Current GMPLS signalling does not allow setting up and releasing
Virtual TE-links. Hence GMPLS signalling must be extended to support
Virtual TE-links.
We can distinguish two options for setting up Virtual TE-links:
- The Soft FA approach that consists of setting up the FA-LSP in the
control plane without actually activating cross connections in the
data plane. On the one hand, this requires state maintenance on all
transit LSRs (N square issue), but on the other hand this may allow
for some admission control. Indeed, when a soft-FA is activated,
the resources may be no longer available for use by other soft-FAs
that have common links. These soft-FA will be dynamically released
and corresponding virtual TE-links are deleted. The soft-FA LSPs
may be setup using procedures similar to those described in
[RFC4872] for setting up secondary LSPs.
- The remote association approach that simply consists of exchanging
virtual TE-links IDs and parameters directly between TE-link end
points. This does not require state maintenance on transit LSRs,
but reduces admission control capabilities. Such an association
between Virtual TE-link end-points may rely on extensions to the
RSVP-TE ASON Call procedure ([RSVP-CALL]).
Note that the support of Virtual TE-links does not require any GMPLS
routing extension.
3.1.1.3. Traffic Disruption Minimization During FA Release
Before deleting a given FA-LSP, all nested LSPs have to be rerouted
and removed from the FA-LSP to avoid traffic disruption.
The mechanisms required here are similar to those required for
graceful deletion of a TE-Link. A Graceful TE-link deletion mechanism
allows for the deletion of a TE-link without disrupting traffic of
TE-LSPs that were using the TE-link.
Hence, GMPLS routing and/or signaling extensions are required
to support graceful deletion of TE-links. This may utilize the
procedures described in [GR-SHUT]: A transit LSR notifies a head-end
LSR that a TE-link along the path of a LSP is going to be torn down,
and also withdraws the bandwidth on the TE-link so that it is not
used for new LSPs.
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3.1.1.4. Stability
The stability of upper-layer LSP may be impaired if the VNT undergoes
frequent changes. In this context robustness of the VNT is defined as
the capability to smooth the impact of these changes and avoid their
subsequent propagation.
Guaranteeing VNT stability is out of the scope of GMPLS protocols and
relies entirely on the capability of the TE and VNT management
algorithms to minimize routing perturbations. This requires that the
algorithms takes into account the old VNT when computing a new VNT,
and try to minimize the perturbation.
A full mesh of upper-layer LSPs MAY be created between every pair of
border nodes between the upper and lower layers. The merit of a full
mesh of upper-layer LSPs is that it provides stability to the upper
layer routing. That is, forwarding table used in the upper layer is
not impacted if the VNT undergoes changes. Further, there is always
full reachability and immediate access to bandwidth to support LSPs
in the upper layer. But it also has significant drawbacks, since it
requires the maintenance of n^2 RSVP-TE sessions, which may be quite
CPU and memory consuming (scalability impact). Also this may lead to
significant bandwidth wastage. Note that the use of virtual TE-links
solves the bandwidth wastage issue, and may reduce the control plane
overload.
3.1.2. Support for FA-LSP Attributes Inheritance
When a FA TE Link is advertised, its parameters are inherited from
the parameters of the FA-LSP, and specific inheritance rules are
applied.
This relies on local procedures and policies and is out of the scope
of GMPLS protocols. Note that this requires that both head-end and
tail-end of the FA-LSP are driven by same policies.
3.1.3. FA-LSP Connectivity Verification
Once fully provisioned, FA-LSP liveliness may be achieved by
verifying its data plane connectivity.
FA-LSP connectivity verification relies on technology specific
mechanisms (e.g., for SDH using G.707 and G.783; for MPLS using BFD;
etc.) as for any other LSP. Hence this requirement is out of the
scope of GMPLS protocols.
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3.2. Specific Aspects for Multi-Region Networks
3.2.1. Support for Multi-Region Signaling
There are actually several cases where a transit node could choose
between multiple SCs to be used for a lower region FA-LSP:
- ERO expansion with loose hops: The transit node has to expand the
path, and may have to select among a set of lower region SCs.
- Multi-SC TE link: When the ERO of a FA LSP, included in the ERO of
an upper region LSP, comprises a multi-SC TE-link, the region
border node has to select among these SCs.
Existing GMPLS signalling procedures does not allow solving this
ambiguous choice of SC that may be used along a given path.
Hence an extension to GMPLS signalling has to be defined to indicate
the SC(s) that can be used and the SC(s) that cannot be used along
the path.
3.2.2. Advertisement of Internal Adaptation Capabilities
In the MRN context, nodes supporting more than one switching
capability on at least one interface are called Hybrid nodes ([MLN-
REQ]). Hybrid nodes contain at least two distinct switching elements
that are interconnected by internal links to provide adaptation
between the supported switching capabilities. These internal links
have finite capacities and must be taken into account when computing
the path of a multi-region TE-LSP. The advertisement of the internal
adaptation capability is required as it provides critical information
when performing multi-region path computation.
Figure 1a below shows an example of hybrid node. The hybrid node has
two switching elements (matrices), which support here TDM and PSC
switching respectively. The node terminates two PSC and TDM ports
(port1 and port2 respectively). It also has internal link connecting
the two switching elements.
The two switching elements are internally interconnected in such a
way that it is possible to terminate some of the resources of the TDM
port 2 and provide through them adaptation for PSC traffic,
received/sent over the internal PSC interface (#b). Two ways are
possible to set up PSC LSPs (port 1 or port 2). Available resources
advertisement e.g. Unreserved and Min/Max LSP Bandwidth should cover
both ways.
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Network element
.............................
: -------- :
PSC : | PSC | :
Port1-------------<->---|#a | :
: +--<->---|#b | :
: | -------- :
TDM : | ---------- :
+PSC : +--<->--|#c TDM | :
Port2 ------------<->--|#d | :
: ---------- :
:............................
Figure 1a. Hybrid node.
Port 1 and Port 2 can be grouped together thanks to internal DWDM, to
result in a single interface: Link 1. This is illustrated in figure
1b below.
Network element
.............................
: -------- :
: | PSC | :
: | | :
: --|#a | :
: | | #b | :
: | -------- :
: | | :
: | ---------- :
: /| | | #c | :
: | |-- | | :
Link1 ========| | | TDM | :
: | |----|#d | :
: \| ---------- :
:............................
Figure 1b. Hybrid node.
Let's assume that all interfaces are STM16 (with VC4-16c capable
as Max LSP bandwidth). After, setting up several PSC LSPs via port #a
and setting up and terminating several TDM LSPs via port #d and port
#b, there is only 155 Mb capacities still available on port #b.
However a 622 Mb capacity remains on port #a and VC4-5c capacity on
port #d.
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When computing the path for a new VC4-4c TDM LSP, one must know, that
this node cannot terminate this LSP, as there is only 155Mb still
available for TDM-PSC adaptation. Hence the internal TDM-PSC
adaptation capability must be advertised.
With current GMPLS routing [RFC4202] this advertisement is possible
if link bundling is not used and if two TE-links are advertised for
link1:
We would have the following TE-link advertisements:
TE-link 1 (port 1):
- ISCD sub-TLV: PSC with Max LSP bandwidth = 622Mb
- Unreserved bandwidth = 622Mb.
TE-Link 2 (port 2):
- ISCD #1 sub-TLV: TDM with Max LSP bandwidth = VC4-4c,
- ISCD #2 sub-TLV: PSC with Max LSP bandwidth = 155 Mb,
- Unreserved bandwidth (equivalent): 777 Mb.
The ISCD 2 in TE-link 2 represents actually the internal TDM-PSC
adaptation capability.
However if for obvious scalability reasons link bundling is done then
the adaptation capability information is lost with current GMPLS
routing, as we have the following TE-link advertisement:
TE-link 1 (port 1 + port 2):
- ISCD #1 sub-TLV: TDM with Max LSP bandwidth = VC4-4c,
- ISCD #2 sub-TLV: PSC with Max LSP bandwidth = 622 Mb,
- Unreserved bandwidth (equivalent): 1399 Mb.
With such TE-link advertisement an element computing the path of a
VC4-4c LSP cannot know that this LSP cannot be terminated on the
node.
Thus current GMPLS routing can support the advertisement of the
internal adaptation capability but this precludes performing link
bundling and thus faces significant scalability limitations.
Hence, GMPLS routing must be extended to meet this requirement. This
could rely on the advertisement of the internal adaptation capability
as a new TE link attribute (that would complement the Interface
Switching Capability Descriptor TE-link attribute).
Note: Multiple ISCDs MAY be associated to a single switching
capability. This can be performed to provide e.g. for TDM interfaces
the Min/Max LSP Bandwidth associated to each (set of) layer for that
switching capability. As an example, an interface associated to TDM
switching capability and supporting VC-12 and VC-4 switching, can be
associated one ISCD sub-TLV or two ISCD sub-TLVs. In the first case,
the Min LSP Bandwidth is set to VC-12 and the Max LSP Bandwidth to
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VC-4. In the second case, the Min LSP Bandwidth is set to VC-12 and
the Max LSP Bandwidth to VC-12, in the first ISCD sub-TLV; and the
Min LSP Bandwidth is set to VC-4 and the Max LSP Bandwidth to VC-4,
in the second ISCD sub-TLV. Hence, in the first case, as long as the
Min LSP Bandwidth is set to VC-12 (and not VC-4) and in the second
case, as long as the first ISCD sub-TLV is advertised there is
sufficient capacity across that interface to setup a VC-12 LSP."
4. Evaluation Conclusion
Most of the required MLN/MRN functions will rely on mechanisms and
procedures that are out of the scope of the GMPLS protocols, and thus
do not require any GMPLS protocol extensions. They will rely on local
procedures and policies, and on specific TE mechanisms and
algorithms.
As regards Virtual Network Topology (VNT) computation and
reconfiguration, specific TE mechanisms need to be defined, but these
mechanisms are out of the scope of GMPLS protocols.
Four areas for extensions of GMPLS protocols and procedures have been
identified:
- GMPLS signaling extension for the setup/deletion of
the virtual TE-links;
- GMPLS routing and signaling extension for graceful TE-link
deletion;
- GMPLS signaling extension for constrained multi-region
signalling (SC inclusion/exclusion);
- GMPLS routing extension for the advertisement of the
internal adaptation capability of hybrid nodes.
5. Security Considerations
This document specifically addresses GMPLS control plane
functionality for MLN/MRN in the context of a single administrative
control plane partition and hence does not introduce additional
security threats beyond those described in [RFC3945].
6. Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Julien Meuric, Igor Bryskin and Adrian Farrel
for their useful comments.
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7. References
7.1. Normative
[RFC3979] Bradner, S., "Intellectual Property Rights in IETF
Technology", BCP 79, RFC 3979, March 2005.
[RFC3945] Mannie, E., et. al. "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label
Switching Architecture", RFC 3945, October 2004
[RFC4202] Kompella, K., Ed. and Y. Rekhter, Ed., "Routing
Extensions in Support of Generalized Multi-Protocol
Label Switching", draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-routing,
RFC4202, October 2005.
[RFC3471] Berger, L., et. al. "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label
Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Functional Description", RFC
3471, January 2003.
7.2. Informative
[RSVP-CALL] Papadimitriou, D., Farrel, A., et. al., "Generalized
MPLS (GMPLS) RSVP-TE Signaling Extensions in support of
Calls", draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-rsvp-te-call, work in
progress.
[MLN-REQ] Shiomoto, K., Papadimitriou, D., Le Roux, J.L.,
Vigoureux, M., Brungard, D., "Requirements for GMPLS-
based multi-region and multi-layer networks", draft-
ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mrn-reqs, work in progess.
[RFC4206] K. Kompella and Y. Rekhter, "LSP hierarchy with
generalized MPLS TE", draft-ietf-mpls-lsp-hierarchy,
RFC4206, October 2005.
[GR-SHUT] Ali, Z., Zamfir, A., "Graceful Shutdown in MPLS Traffic
Engineering Network", draft-ietf-ccamp-mpls-graceful-
shutdown, work in progress.
[RFC4872] Lang, Rekhter, Papadimitriou, "RSVP-TE Extensions in
support of End-to-End Generalized Multi-Protocol Label
Switching (GMPLS)-based Recovery", RFC4872, July 2007.
[VNTM] Oki, Le Roux, Farrel, "Definition of Virtual Network
Topology Manager (VNTM) for PCE-based Inter-Layer MPLS
and GMPLS Traffic Engineering", draft-oki-pce-vntm-def,
work in progress.
[IW-MIG-FMWK]Shiomoto, K et al., "Framework for IP/MPLS-GMPLS
Le Roux, et al. Evaluation of GMPLS against MLN/MRN Reqs [Page 13]
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interworking in support of IP/MPLS to GMPLS migration",
draft-ietf-ccamp-mpls-gmpls-interwork-fmwk, work in
progress.
[RFC3473] Berger, L., et al. "GMPLS Singlaling RSVP-TE extensions",
RFC3473, January 2003.
[RFC4655] Farrel, A., Vasseur, J.-P., Ash,J., "A PCE based
Architecture", RFC4655, August 2006.
[RFC4802] Nadeau, T., Farrel, A., "GMPLS TE MIB", RFC4802,
February 2007.
8. Editors' Addresses
Jean-Louis Le Roux
France Telecom
2, avenue Pierre-Marzin
22307 Lannion Cedex, France
Email: jeanlouis.leroux@orange-ftgroup.com
Dimitri Papadimitriou
Alcatel-Lucent
Francis Wellensplein 1,
B-2018 Antwerpen, Belgium
Email: dimitri.papadimitriou@alcatel-lucent.be
9. Contributors' Addresses
Deborah Brungard
AT&T
Rm. D1-3C22 - 200 S. Laurel Ave.
Middletown, NJ, 07748 USA
E-mail: dbrungard@att.com
Eiji Oki
NTT
3-9-11 Midori-Cho
Musashino, Tokyo 180-8585, Japan
Email: oki.eiji@lab.ntt.co.jp
Kohei Shiomoto
NTT
3-9-11 Midori-Cho
Musashino, Tokyo 180-8585, Japan
Email: shiomoto.kohei@lab.ntt.co.jp
M. Vigoureux
Alcatel-Lucent France
Route de Villejust
91620 Nozay
FRANCE
Le Roux, et al. Evaluation of GMPLS against MLN/MRN Reqs [Page 14]
Internet Draft draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-eval-03.txt July 2007
Email: martin.vigoureux@alcatel-lucent.fr
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Le Roux, et al. Evaluation of GMPLS against MLN/MRN Reqs [Page 15]
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