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JOSE Working Group M. Jones
Internet-Draft Microsoft
Intended status: Standards Track July 15, 2013
Expires: January 16, 2014
JSON Web Key (JWK)
draft-ietf-jose-json-web-key-13
Abstract
A JSON Web Key (JWK) is a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) data
structure that represents a cryptographic key. This specification
also defines a JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set) JSON data structure for
representing a set of JWKs. Cryptographic algorithms and identifiers
for use with this specification are described in the separate JSON
Web Algorithms (JWA) specification.
Status of this Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on January 16, 2014.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
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described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Notational Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. JSON Web Key (JWK) Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1. "kty" (Key Type) Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. "use" (Key Use) Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3. "alg" (Algorithm) Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.4. "kid" (Key ID) Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.5. "x5u" (X.509 URL) Header Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.6. "x5t" (X.509 Certificate Thumbprint) Header Parameter . . 6
3.7. "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) Parameter . . . . . . . . 6
4. JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set) Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1. "keys" (JSON Web Key Set) Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5. String Comparison Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6. Encrypted JWK and Encrypted JWK Set Formats . . . . . . . . . 7
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7.1. JSON Web Key Parameters Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7.1.1. Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7.1.2. Initial Registry Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7.2. JSON Web Key Set Parameters Registry . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7.2.1. Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.2.2. Initial Registry Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.3. JSON Web Signature and Encryption Type Values
Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.3.1. Registry Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.4. Media Type Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.4.1. Registry Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Appendix A. Example JSON Web Key Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
A.1. Example Public Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
A.2. Example Private Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
A.3. Example Symmetric Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Appendix B. Example Use of "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain)
Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Appendix C. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Appendix D. Document History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
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1. Introduction
A JSON Web Key (JWK) is a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) [RFC4627]
data structure that represents a cryptographic key. This
specification also defines a JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set) JSON data
structure for representing a set of JWKs. Cryptographic algorithms
and identifiers for use with this specification are described in the
separate JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) [JWA] specification.
Goals for this specification do not include representing certificate
chains, representing certified keys, and replacing X.509
certificates.
JWKs and JWK Sets are used in the JSON Web Signature (JWS) [JWS] and
JSON Web Encryption (JWE) [JWE] specifications.
1.1. Notational Conventions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in Key words for use in
RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels [RFC2119].
2. Terminology
JSON Web Key (JWK) A JSON object that represents a cryptographic
key.
JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set) A JSON object that contains an array of
JWKs as the value of its "keys" member.
Base64url Encoding The URL- and filename-safe Base64 encoding
described in RFC 4648 [RFC4648], Section 5, with the (non URL-
safe) '=' padding characters omitted, as permitted by Section 3.2.
(See Appendix C of [JWS] for notes on implementing base64url
encoding without padding.)
Collision Resistant Namespace A namespace that allows names to be
allocated in a manner such that they are highly unlikely to
collide with other names. For instance, collision resistance can
be achieved through administrative delegation of portions of the
namespace or through use of collision-resistant name allocation
functions. Examples of Collision Resistant Namespaces include:
Domain Names, Object Identifiers (OIDs) as defined in the ITU-T
X.660 and X.670 Recommendation series, and Universally Unique
IDentifiers (UUIDs) [RFC4122]. When using an administratively
delegated namespace, the definer of a name needs to take
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reasonable precautions to ensure they are in control of the
portion of the namespace they use to define the name.
Encrypted JWK A JWE with a JWK as its plaintext value.
Encrypted JWK Set A JWE with a JWK Set as its plaintext value.
3. JSON Web Key (JWK) Format
A JSON Web Key (JWK) is a JSON object containing specific members, as
specified below. Those members that are common to all key types are
defined below.
In addition to the common parameters, each JWK will have members that
are specific to the kind of key being represented. These members
represent the parameters of the key. Section 5 of the JSON Web
Algorithms (JWA) [JWA] specification defines multiple kinds of
cryptographic keys and their associated members.
The member names within a JWK MUST be unique; recipients MUST either
reject JWKs with duplicate member names or use a JSON parser that
returns only the lexically last duplicate member name, as specified
in Section 15.12 (The JSON Object) of ECMAScript 5.1 [ECMAScript].
Additional members MAY be present in the JWK. If not understood by
implementations encountering them, they MUST be ignored. Member
names used for representing key parameters for different kinds of
keys need not be distinct. Any new member name SHOULD either be
registered in the IANA JSON Web Key Parameters registry Section 7.1
or be a value that contains a Collision Resistant Namespace.
3.1. "kty" (Key Type) Parameter
The "kty" (key type) member identifies the cryptographic algorithm
family used with the key. "kty" values SHOULD either be registered in
the IANA JSON Web Key Types registry [JWA] or be a value that
contains a Collision Resistant Namespace. The "kty" value is a case
sensitive string. Use of this member is REQUIRED.
A list of defined "kty" values can be found in the IANA JSON Web Key
Types registry [JWA]; the initial contents of this registry are the
values defined in Section 5.1 of the JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) [JWA]
specification.
Additional members used with these "kty" values can be found in the
IANA JSON Web Key Parameters registry Section 7.1; the initial
contents of this registry are the values defined in Sections 5.2 and
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5.3 of the JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) [JWA] specification.
3.2. "use" (Key Use) Parameter
The "use" (key use) member identifies the intended use of the key.
Values defined by this specification are:
o "sig" (signature or MAC operation)
o "enc" (encryption)
Other values MAY be used. The "use" value is a case sensitive
string. Use of this member is OPTIONAL.
3.3. "alg" (Algorithm) Parameter
The "alg" (algorithm) member identifies the algorithm intended for
use with the key. The values used in this field are the same as
those used in the JWS [JWS] and JWE [JWE] "alg" and "enc" header
parameters; these values can be found in the JSON Web Signature and
Encryption Algorithms registry [JWA]. Use of this member is
OPTIONAL.
3.4. "kid" (Key ID) Parameter
The "kid" (key ID) member can be used to match a specific key. This
can be used, for instance, to choose among a set of keys within a JWK
Set during key rollover. The interpretation of the "kid" value is
unspecified. When "kid" values are used within a JWK Set, different
keys within the JWK Set SHOULD use distinct "kid" values. The "kid"
value is a case sensitive string. Use of this member is OPTIONAL.
When used with JWS or JWE, the "kid" value can be used to match a JWS
or JWE "kid" header parameter value.
3.5. "x5u" (X.509 URL) Header Parameter
The "x5u" (X.509 URL) member is a URI [RFC3986] that refers to a
resource for an X.509 public key certificate or certificate chain
[RFC5280]. The identified resource MUST provide a representation of
the certificate or certificate chain that conforms to RFC 5280
[RFC5280] in PEM encoded form [RFC1421]. The key in the first
certificate MUST match the bare public key represented by other
members of the JWK. The protocol used to acquire the resource MUST
provide integrity protection; an HTTP GET request to retrieve the
certificate MUST use TLS [RFC2818] [RFC5246]; the identity of the
server MUST be validated, as per Section 3.1 of HTTP Over TLS
[RFC2818]. Use of this member is OPTIONAL.
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3.6. "x5t" (X.509 Certificate Thumbprint) Header Parameter
The "x5t" (X.509 Certificate Thumbprint) member is a base64url
encoded SHA-1 thumbprint (a.k.a. digest) of the DER encoding of an
X.509 certificate [RFC5280]. The key in the certificate MUST match
the bare public key represented by other members of the JWK. Use of
this member is OPTIONAL.
3.7. "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) Parameter
The "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) member contains a chain of one or
more PKIX certificates [RFC5280]. The certificate chain is
represented as a JSON array of certificate value strings. Each
string in the array is a base64 encoded ([RFC4648] Section 4 -- not
base64url encoded) DER [ITU.X690.1994] PKIX certificate value. The
PKIX certificate containing the key value MUST be the first
certificate. This MAY be followed by additional certificates, with
each subsequent certificate being the one used to certify the
previous one. The key in the first certificate MUST match the bare
public key represented by other members of the JWK. Use of this
member is OPTIONAL.
4. JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set) Format
A JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set) is a JSON object that contains an array
of JSON Web Key values as the value of its "keys" member.
The member names within a JWK Set MUST be unique; recipients MUST
either reject JWK Sets with duplicate member names or use a JSON
parser that returns only the lexically last duplicate member name, as
specified in Section 15.12 (The JSON Object) of ECMAScript 5.1
[ECMAScript].
Additional members MAY be present in the JWK Set. If not understood
by implementations encountering them, they MUST be ignored.
Parameters for representing additional properties of JWK Sets SHOULD
either be registered in the IANA JSON Web Key Set Parameters registry
Section 7.2 or be a value that contains a Collision Resistant
Namespace.
4.1. "keys" (JSON Web Key Set) Parameter
The value of the "keys" (JSON Web Key Set) member is an array of JSON
Web Key (JWK) values. Use of this member is REQUIRED.
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5. String Comparison Rules
Processing a JWK inevitably requires comparing known strings to
values in JSON objects. For example, in checking what the key type
is, the Unicode string encoding "kty" will be checked against the
member names in the JWK to see if there is a matching name.
Comparisons between JSON strings and other Unicode strings MUST be
performed by comparing Unicode code points without normalization as
specified in the String Comparison Rules in Section 5.3 of [JWS].
6. Encrypted JWK and Encrypted JWK Set Formats
JWKs containing non-public key material will need to be encrypted in
some contexts to prevent the disclosure of private or symmetric key
values to unintended parties. The use of an Encrypted JWK, which is
a JWE with a JWK as its plaintext value, is RECOMMENED for this
purpose. The processing of Encrypted JWKs is identical to the
processing of other JWEs. A "cty" (content type) header parameter
value of "JWK" can be used to indicate that the content of the JWE is
a JWK in contexts where this is useful.
JWK Sets containing non-public key material will similarly need to be
encrypted. The use of an Encrypted JWK Set, which is a JWE with a
JWK Set as its plaintext value, is RECOMMENED for this purpose. The
processing of Encrypted JWK Sets is identical to the processing of
other JWEs. A "cty" (content type) header parameter value of
"JWK-SET" can be used to indicate that the content of the JWE is a
JWK Set in contexts where this is useful.
7. IANA Considerations
The following registration procedure is used for all the registries
established by this specification.
Values are registered with a Specification Required [RFC5226] after a
two-week review period on the [TBD]@ietf.org mailing list, on the
advice of one or more Designated Experts. However, to allow for the
allocation of values prior to publication, the Designated Expert(s)
may approve registration once they are satisfied that such a
specification will be published.
Registration requests must be sent to the [TBD]@ietf.org mailing list
for review and comment, with an appropriate subject (e.g., "Request
for access token type: example"). [[ Note to RFC-EDITOR: The name of
the mailing list should be determined in consultation with the IESG
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and IANA. Suggested name: jose-reg-review. ]]
Within the review period, the Designated Expert(s) will either
approve or deny the registration request, communicating this decision
to the review list and IANA. Denials should include an explanation
and, if applicable, suggestions as to how to make the request
successful.
IANA must only accept registry updates from the Designated Expert(s)
and should direct all requests for registration to the review mailing
list.
7.1. JSON Web Key Parameters Registry
This specification establishes the IANA JSON Web Key Parameters
registry for reserved JWK parameter names. The registry records the
reserved parameter name and a reference to the specification that
defines it. It also records whether the parameter conveys public or
private information. This specification registers the parameter
names defined in Section 3. The same JWK parameter name may be
registered multiple times, provided that duplicate parameter
registrations are only for algorithm-specific JWK parameters; in this
case, the meaning of the duplicate parameter name is disambiguated by
the "kty" value of the JWK containing it.
7.1.1. Registration Template
Parameter Name:
The name requested (e.g., "example"). This name is case
sensitive. Names that match other registered names in a case
insensitive manner SHOULD NOT be accepted.
Parameter Information Class:
Registers whether the parameter conveys public or private
information. Its value must be one the words Public or Private.
Change Controller:
For Standards Track RFCs, state "IETF". For others, give the name
of the responsible party. Other details (e.g., postal address,
email address, home page URI) may also be included.
Specification Document(s):
Reference to the document(s) that specify the parameter,
preferably including URI(s) that can be used to retrieve copies of
the document(s). An indication of the relevant sections may also
be included but is not required.
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7.1.2. Initial Registry Contents
o Parameter Name: "kty"
o Parameter Information Class: Public
o Change Controller: IETF
o Specification Document(s): Section 3.1 of [[ this document ]]
o Parameter Name: "use"
o Parameter Information Class: Public
o Change Controller: IETF
o Specification Document(s): Section 3.2 of [[ this document ]]
o Parameter Name: "alg"
o Parameter Information Class: Public
o Change Controller: IETF
o Specification Document(s): Section 3.3 of [[ this document ]]
o Parameter Name: "kid"
o Parameter Information Class: Public
o Change Controller: IETF
o Specification Document(s): Section 3.4 of [[ this document ]]
o Parameter Name: "x5u"
o Parameter Information Class: Public
o Change Controller: IETF
o Specification Document(s): Section 3.5 of [[ this document ]]
o Parameter Name: "x5t"
o Parameter Information Class: Public
o Change Controller: IETF
o Specification Document(s): Section 3.6 of [[ this document ]]
o Parameter Name: "x5c"
o Parameter Information Class: Public
o Change Controller: IETF
o Specification Document(s): Section 3.7 of [[ this document ]]
7.2. JSON Web Key Set Parameters Registry
This specification establishes the IANA JSON Web Key Set Parameters
registry for reserved JWK Set parameter names. The registry records
the reserved parameter name and a reference to the specification that
defines it. This specification registers the parameter names defined
in Section 4.
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7.2.1. Registration Template
Parameter Name:
The name requested (e.g., "example"). This name is case
sensitive. Names that match other registered names in a case
insensitive manner SHOULD NOT be accepted.
Change Controller:
For Standards Track RFCs, state "IETF". For others, give the name
of the responsible party. Other details (e.g., postal address,
email address, home page URI) may also be included.
Specification Document(s):
Reference to the document(s) that specify the parameter,
preferably including URI(s) that can be used to retrieve copies of
the document(s). An indication of the relevant sections may also
be included but is not required.
7.2.2. Initial Registry Contents
o Parameter Name: "keys"
o Change Controller: IETF
o Specification Document(s): Section 4.1 of [[ this document ]]
7.3. JSON Web Signature and Encryption Type Values Registration
7.3.1. Registry Contents
This specification registers the "JWK" and "JWK-SET" type values in
the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Type Values registry
[JWS], which can be used to indicate, respectively, that the content
is a JWK or a JWK Set.
o "typ" Header Parameter Value: "JWK"
o Abbreviation for MIME Type: application/jwk+json
o Change Controller: IETF
o Specification Document(s): Section 3 of [[ this document ]]
o "typ" Header Parameter Value: "JWK-SET"
o Abbreviation for MIME Type: application/jwk-set+json
o Change Controller: IETF
o Specification Document(s): Section 4 of [[ this document ]]
7.4. Media Type Registration
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7.4.1. Registry Contents
This specification registers the "application/jwk+json" and
"application/jwk-set+json" Media Types [RFC2046] in the MIME Media
Type registry [RFC4288], which can be used to indicate, respectively,
that the content is a JWK or a JWK Set.
o Type Name: application
o Subtype Name: jwk+json
o Required Parameters: n/a
o Optional Parameters: n/a
o Encoding considerations: application/jwk+json values are
represented as JSON object; UTF-8 encoding SHOULD be employed for
the JSON object.
o Security Considerations: See the Security Considerations section
of [[ this document ]]
o Interoperability Considerations: n/a
o Published Specification: [[ this document ]]
o Applications that use this media type: TBD
o Additional Information: Magic number(s): n/a, File extension(s):
n/a, Macintosh file type code(s): n/a
o Person & email address to contact for further information: Michael
B. Jones, mbj@microsoft.com
o Intended Usage: COMMON
o Restrictions on Usage: none
o Author: Michael B. Jones, mbj@microsoft.com
o Change Controller: IETF
o Type Name: application
o Subtype Name: jwk-set+json
o Required Parameters: n/a
o Optional Parameters: n/a
o Encoding considerations: application/jwk-set+json values are
represented as a JSON Object; UTF-8 encoding SHOULD be employed
for the JSON object.
o Security Considerations: See the Security Considerations section
of [[ this document ]]
o Interoperability Considerations: n/a
o Published Specification: [[ this document ]]
o Applications that use this media type: TBD
o Additional Information: Magic number(s): n/a, File extension(s):
n/a, Macintosh file type code(s): n/a
o Person & email address to contact for further information: Michael
B. Jones, mbj@microsoft.com
o Intended Usage: COMMON
o Restrictions on Usage: none
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o Author: Michael B. Jones, mbj@microsoft.com
o Change Controller: IETF
8. Security Considerations
All of the security issues faced by any cryptographic application
must be faced by a JWS/JWE/JWK agent. Among these issues are
protecting the user's private and symmetric keys, preventing various
attacks, and helping the user avoid mistakes such as inadvertently
encrypting a message for the wrong recipient. The entire list of
security considerations is beyond the scope of this document, but
some significant considerations are listed here.
A key is no more trustworthy than the method by which it was
received.
Private and symmetric keys must be protected from disclosure to
unintended parties. One recommended means of doing so is to encrypt
JWKs or JWK Sets containing them by using the JWK or JWK Set value as
the plaintext of a JWE.
The security considerations in RFC 3447 [RFC3447] and RFC 6030
[RFC6030] about protecting private and symmetric keys also apply to
this specification.
The security considerations in XML DSIG 2.0
[W3C.CR-xmldsig-core2-20120124], about key representations also apply
to this specification, other than those that are XML specific.
The TLS Requirements in [JWS] also apply to this specification.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[ECMAScript]
Ecma International, "ECMAScript Language Specification,
5.1 Edition", ECMA 262, June 2011.
[ITU.X690.1994]
International Telecommunications Union, "Information
Technology - ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic
Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and
Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)", ITU-T Recommendation
X.690, 1994.
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[JWA] Jones, M., "JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)",
draft-ietf-jose-json-web-algorithms (work in progress),
July 2013.
[JWE] Jones, M., Rescorla, E., and J. Hildebrand, "JSON Web
Encryption (JWE)", draft-ietf-jose-json-web-encryption
(work in progress), July 2013.
[JWS] Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web
Signature (JWS)", draft-ietf-jose-json-web-signature (work
in progress), July 2013.
[RFC1421] Linn, J., "Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic
Mail: Part I: Message Encryption and Authentication
Procedures", RFC 1421, February 1993.
[RFC2046] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046,
November 1996.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2818] Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000.
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
RFC 3986, January 2005.
[RFC4288] Freed, N. and J. Klensin, "Media Type Specifications and
Registration Procedures", RFC 4288, December 2005.
[RFC4627] Crockford, D., "The application/json Media Type for
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)", RFC 4627, July 2006.
[RFC4648] Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
Encodings", RFC 4648, October 2006.
[RFC5226] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
May 2008.
[RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
(TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, August 2008.
[RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
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(CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.
[W3C.CR-xmldsig-core2-20120124]
Eastlake, D., Reagle, J., Yiu, K., Solo, D., Datta, P.,
Hirsch, F., Cantor, S., and T. Roessler, "XML Signature
Syntax and Processing Version 2.0", World Wide Web
Consortium CR CR-xmldsig-core2-20120124, January 2012,
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-xmldsig-core2-20120124>.
9.2. Informative References
[MagicSignatures]
Panzer (editor), J., Laurie, B., and D. Balfanz, "Magic
Signatures", January 2011.
[RFC3447] Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, "Public-Key Cryptography
Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications
Version 2.1", RFC 3447, February 2003.
[RFC4122] Leach, P., Mealling, M., and R. Salz, "A Universally
Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace", RFC 4122,
July 2005.
[RFC6030] Hoyer, P., Pei, M., and S. Machani, "Portable Symmetric
Key Container (PSKC)", RFC 6030, October 2010.
Appendix A. Example JSON Web Key Sets
A.1. Example Public Keys
The following example JWK Set contains two public keys represented as
JWKs: one using an Elliptic Curve algorithm and a second one using an
RSA algorithm. The first specifies that the key is to be used for
encryption. The second specifies that the key is to be used with the
"RS256" algorithm. Both provide a Key ID for key matching purposes.
In both cases, integers are represented using the base64url encoding
of their big endian representations. (Long lines are broken are for
display purposes only.)
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{"keys":
[
{"kty":"EC",
"crv":"P-256",
"x":"MKBCTNIcKUSDii11ySs3526iDZ8AiTo7Tu6KPAqv7D4",
"y":"4Etl6SRW2YiLUrN5vfvVHuhp7x8PxltmWWlbbM4IFyM",
"use":"enc",
"kid":"1"},
{"kty":"RSA",
"n": "0vx7agoebGcQSuuPiLJXZptN9nndrQmbXEps2aiAFbWhM78LhWx
4cbbfAAtVT86zwu1RK7aPFFxuhDR1L6tSoc_BJECPebWKRXjBZCiFV4n3oknjhMs
tn64tZ_2W-5JsGY4Hc5n9yBXArwl93lqt7_RN5w6Cf0h4QyQ5v-65YGjQR0_FDW2
QvzqY368QQMicAtaSqzs8KJZgnYb9c7d0zgdAZHzu6qMQvRL5hajrn1n91CbOpbI
SD08qNLyrdkt-bFTWhAI4vMQFh6WeZu0fM4lFd2NcRwr3XPksINHaQ-G_xBniIqb
w0Ls1jF44-csFCur-kEgU8awapJzKnqDKgw",
"e":"AQAB",
"alg":"RS256",
"kid":"2011-04-29"}
]
}
A.2. Example Private Keys
The following example JWK Set contains two keys represented as JWKs
containing both public and private key values: one using an Elliptic
Curve algorithm and a second one using an RSA algorithm. This
example extends the example in the previous section, adding private
key values. (Line breaks are for display purposes only.)
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{"keys":
[
{"kty":"EC",
"crv":"P-256",
"x":"MKBCTNIcKUSDii11ySs3526iDZ8AiTo7Tu6KPAqv7D4",
"y":"4Etl6SRW2YiLUrN5vfvVHuhp7x8PxltmWWlbbM4IFyM",
"d":"870MB6gfuTJ4HtUnUvYMyJpr5eUZNP4Bk43bVdj3eAE",
"use":"enc",
"kid":"1"},
{"kty":"RSA",
"n":"0vx7agoebGcQSuuPiLJXZptN9nndrQmbXEps2aiAFbWhM78LhWx4
cbbfAAtVT86zwu1RK7aPFFxuhDR1L6tSoc_BJECPebWKRXjBZCiFV4n3oknjhMst
n64tZ_2W-5JsGY4Hc5n9yBXArwl93lqt7_RN5w6Cf0h4QyQ5v-65YGjQR0_FDW2Q
vzqY368QQMicAtaSqzs8KJZgnYb9c7d0zgdAZHzu6qMQvRL5hajrn1n91CbOpbIS
D08qNLyrdkt-bFTWhAI4vMQFh6WeZu0fM4lFd2NcRwr3XPksINHaQ-G_xBniIqbw
0Ls1jF44-csFCur-kEgU8awapJzKnqDKgw",
"e":"AQAB",
"d":"X4cTteJY_gn4FYPsXB8rdXix5vwsg1FLN5E3EaG6RJoVH-HLLKD9
M7dx5oo7GURknchnrRweUkC7hT5fJLM0WbFAKNLWY2vv7B6NqXSzUvxT0_YSfqij
wp3RTzlBaCxWp4doFk5N2o8Gy_nHNKroADIkJ46pRUohsXywbReAdYaMwFs9tv8d
_cPVY3i07a3t8MN6TNwm0dSawm9v47UiCl3Sk5ZiG7xojPLu4sbg1U2jx4IBTNBz
nbJSzFHK66jT8bgkuqsk0GjskDJk19Z4qwjwbsnn4j2WBii3RL-Us2lGVkY8fkFz
me1z0HbIkfz0Y6mqnOYtqc0X4jfcKoAC8Q",
"p":"83i-7IvMGXoMXCskv73TKr8637FiO7Z27zv8oj6pbWUQyLPQBQxtPV
nwD20R-60eTDmD2ujnMt5PoqMrm8RfmNhVWDtjjMmCMjOpSXicFHj7XOuVIYQyqV
WlWEh6dN36GVZYk93N8Bc9vY41xy8B9RzzOGVQzXvNEvn7O0nVbfs",
"q":"3dfOR9cuYq-0S-mkFLzgItgMEfFzB2q3hWehMuG0oCuqnb3vobLyum
qjVZQO1dIrdwgTnCdpYzBcOfW5r370AFXjiWft_NGEiovonizhKpo9VVS78TzFgx
kIdrecRezsZ-1kYd_s1qDbxtkDEgfAITAG9LUnADun4vIcb6yelxk",
"dp":"G4sPXkc6Ya9y8oJW9_ILj4xuppu0lzi_H7VTkS8xj5SdX3coE0oim
YwxIi2emTAue0UOa5dpgFGyBJ4c8tQ2VF402XRugKDTP8akYhFo5tAA77Qe_Nmtu
YZc3C3m3I24G2GvR5sSDxUyAN2zq8Lfn9EUms6rY3Ob8YeiKkTiBj0",
"dq":"s9lAH9fggBsoFR8Oac2R_E2gw282rT2kGOAhvIllETE1efrA6huUU
vMfBcMpn8lqeW6vzznYY5SSQF7pMdC_agI3nG8Ibp1BUb0JUiraRNqUfLhcQb_d9
GF4Dh7e74WbRsobRonujTYN1xCaP6TO61jvWrX-L18txXw494Q_cgk",
"qi":"GyM_p6JrXySiz1toFgKbWV-JdI3jQ4ypu9rbMWx3rQJBfmt0FoYzg
UIZEVFEcOqwemRN81zoDAaa-Bk0KWNGDjJHZDdDmFhW3AN7lI-puxk_mHZGJ11rx
yR8O55XLSe3SPmRfKwZI6yU24ZxvQKFYItdldUKGzO6Ia6zTKhAVRU",
"alg":"RS256",
"kid":"2011-04-29"}
]
}
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A.3. Example Symmetric Keys
The following example JWK Set contains two symmetric keys represented
as JWKs: one designated as being for use with the AES Key Wrap
algorithm and a second one that is an HMAC key. (Line breaks are for
display purposes only.)
{"keys":
[
{"kty":"oct",
"alg":"A128KW",
"k":"GawgguFyGrWKav7AX4VKUg"},
{"kty":"oct",
"k":"AyM1SysPpbyDfgZld3umj1qzKObwVMkoqQ-EstJQLr_T-1qS0gZH75
aKtMN3Yj0iPS4hcgUuTwjAzZr1Z9CAow",
"kid":"HMAC key used in JWS A.1 example"}
]
}
Appendix B. Example Use of "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) Parameter
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The following is a non-normative example of a JWK with a RSA signing
key represented both as a bare public key and as an X.509 certificate
using the "x5c" parameter:
{"kty":"RSA",
"use":"sig",
"kid":"1b94c",
"n":"vrjOfz9Ccdgx5nQudyhdoR17V-IubWMeOZCwX_jj0hgAsz2J_pqYW08
PLbK_PdiVGKPrqzmDIsLI7sA25VEnHU1uCLNwBuUiCO11_-7dYbsr4iJmG0Q
u2j8DsVyT1azpJC_NG84Ty5KKthuCaPod7iI7w0LK9orSMhBEwwZDCxTWq4a
YWAchc8t-emd9qOvWtVMDC2BXksRngh6X5bUYLy6AyHKvj-nUy1wgzjYQDwH
MTplCoLtU-o-8SNnZ1tmRoGE9uJkBLdh5gFENabWnU5m1ZqZPdwS-qo-meMv
VfJb6jJVWRpl2SUtCnYG2C32qvbWbjZ_jBPD5eunqsIo1vQ",
"e":"AQAB",
"x5c":
["MIIDQjCCAiqgAwIBAgIGATz/FuLiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMGIxCzAJB
gNVBAYTAlVTMQswCQYDVQQIEwJDTzEPMA0GA1UEBxMGRGVudmVyMRwwGgYD
VQQKExNQaW5nIElkZW50aXR5IENvcnAuMRcwFQYDVQQDEw5CcmlhbiBDYW1
wYmVsbDAeFw0xMzAyMjEyMzI5MTVaFw0xODA4MTQyMjI5MTVaMGIxCzAJBg
NVBAYTAlVTMQswCQYDVQQIEwJDTzEPMA0GA1UEBxMGRGVudmVyMRwwGgYDV
QQKExNQaW5nIElkZW50aXR5IENvcnAuMRcwFQYDVQQDEw5CcmlhbiBDYW1w
YmVsbDCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAL64zn8/QnH
YMeZ0LncoXaEde1fiLm1jHjmQsF/449IYALM9if6amFtPDy2yvz3YlRij66
s5gyLCyO7ANuVRJx1NbgizcAblIgjtdf/u3WG7K+IiZhtELto/A7Fck9Ws6
SQvzRvOE8uSirYbgmj6He4iO8NCyvaK0jIQRMMGQwsU1quGmFgHIXPLfnpn
fajr1rVTAwtgV5LEZ4Iel+W1GC8ugMhyr4/p1MtcIM42EA8BzE6ZQqC7VPq
PvEjZ2dbZkaBhPbiZAS3YeYBRDWm1p1OZtWamT3cEvqqPpnjL1XyW+oyVVk
aZdklLQp2Btgt9qr21m42f4wTw+Xrp6rCKNb0CAwEAATANBgkqhkiG9w0BA
QUFAAOCAQEAh8zGlfSlcI0o3rYDPBB07aXNswb4ECNIKG0CETTUxmXl9KUL
+9gGlqCz5iWLOgWsnrcKcY0vXPG9J1r9AqBNTqNgHq2G03X09266X5CpOe1
zFo+Owb1zxtp3PehFdfQJ610CDLEaS9V9Rqp17hCyybEpOGVwe8fnk+fbEL
2Bo3UPGrpsHzUoaGpDftmWssZkhpBJKVMJyf/RuP2SmmaIzmnw9JiSlYhzo
4tpzd5rFXhjRbg4zW9C+2qok+2+qDM1iJ684gPHMIY8aLWrdgQTxkumGmTq
gawR+N5MDtdPTEQ0XfIBc2cJEUyMTY5MPvACWpkA6SdS4xSvdXK3IVfOWA=="]
}
Appendix C. Acknowledgements
A JSON representation for RSA public keys was previously introduced
by John Panzer, Ben Laurie, and Dirk Balfanz in Magic Signatures
[MagicSignatures].
This specification is the work of the JOSE Working Group, which
includes dozens of active and dedicated participants. In particular,
the following individuals contributed ideas, feedback, and wording
that influenced this specification:
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Dirk Balfanz, Richard Barnes, John Bradley, Brian Campbell, Breno de
Medeiros, Joe Hildebrand, Edmund Jay, Ben Laurie, James Manger, Matt
Miller, Tony Nadalin, Axel Nennker, John Panzer, Eric Rescorla, Nat
Sakimura, Jim Schaad, Paul Tarjan, Hannes Tschofenig, and Sean
Turner.
Jim Schaad and Karen O'Donoghue chaired the JOSE working group and
Sean Turner and Stephen Farrell served as Security area directors
during the creation of this specification.
Appendix D. Document History
[[ to be removed by the RFC editor before publication as an RFC ]]
-13
o Applied spelling and grammar corrections.
-12
o Stated that recipients MUST either reject JWKs and JWK Sets with
duplicate member names or use a JSON parser that returns only the
lexically last duplicate member name.
-11
o Stated that when "kid" values are used within a JWK Set, different
keys within the JWK Set SHOULD use distinct "kid" values.
o Added optional "x5u" (X.509 URL), "x5t" (X.509 Certificate
Thumbprint), and "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) JWK parameters.
o Added section on Encrypted JWK and Encrypted JWK Set Formats.
o Added a Parameter Information Class value to the JSON Web Key
Parameters registry, which registers whether the parameter conveys
public or private information.
o Registered "application/jwk+json" and "application/jwk-set+json"
MIME types and "JWK" and "JWK-SET" typ header parameter values,
addressing issue #21.
-10
o No changes were made, other than to the version number and date.
-09
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o Expanded the scope of the JWK specification to include private and
symmetric key representations, as specified by
draft-jones-jose-json-private-and-symmetric-key-00.
o Defined that members that are not understood must be ignored.
-08
o Changed the name of the JWK key type parameter from "alg" to "kty"
to enable use of "alg" to indicate the particular algorithm that
the key is intended to be used with.
o Clarified statements of the form "This member is OPTIONAL" to "Use
of this member is OPTIONAL".
o Referenced String Comparison Rules in JWS.
o Added seriesInfo information to Internet Draft references.
-07
o Changed the name of the JWK RSA modulus parameter from "mod" to
"n" and the name of the JWK RSA exponent parameter from "xpo" to
"e", so that the identifiers are the same as those used in RFC
3447.
-06
o Changed the name of the JWK RSA exponent parameter from "exp" to
"xpo" so as to allow the potential use of the name "exp" for a
future extension that might define an expiration parameter for
keys. (The "exp" name is already used for this purpose in the JWT
specification.)
o Clarify that the "alg" (algorithm family) member is REQUIRED.
o Correct an instance of "JWK" that should have been "JWK Set".
o Applied changes made by the RFC Editor to RFC 6749's registry
language to this specification.
-05
o Indented artwork elements to better distinguish them from the body
text.
-04
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o Refer to the registries as the primary sources of defined values
and then secondarily reference the sections defining the initial
contents of the registries.
o Normatively reference XML DSIG 2.0 [W3C.CR-xmldsig-core2-20120124]
for its security considerations.
o Added this language to Registration Templates: "This name is case
sensitive. Names that match other registered names in a case
insensitive manner SHOULD NOT be accepted."
o Described additional open issues.
o Applied editorial suggestions.
-03
o Clarified that "kid" values need not be unique within a JWK Set.
o Moved JSON Web Key Parameters registry to the JWK specification.
o Added "Collision Resistant Namespace" to the terminology section.
o Changed registration requirements from RFC Required to
Specification Required with Expert Review.
o Added Registration Template sections for defined registries.
o Added Registry Contents sections to populate registry values.
o Numerous editorial improvements.
-02
o Simplified JWK terminology to get replace the "JWK Key Object" and
"JWK Container Object" terms with simply "JSON Web Key (JWK)" and
"JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set)" and to eliminate potential confusion
between single keys and sets of keys. As part of this change, the
top-level member name for a set of keys was changed from "jwk" to
"keys".
o Clarified that values with duplicate member names MUST be
rejected.
o Established JSON Web Key Set Parameters registry.
o Explicitly listed non-goals in the introduction.
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o Moved algorithm-specific definitions from JWK to JWA.
o Reformatted to give each member definition its own section
heading.
-01
o Corrected the Magic Signatures reference.
-00
o Created the initial IETF draft based upon
draft-jones-json-web-key-03 with no normative changes.
Author's Address
Michael B. Jones
Microsoft
Email: mbj@microsoft.com
URI: http://self-issued.info/
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