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Mobile Ad hoc Networks Working Group C. Perkins
Internet-Draft Futurewei
Intended status: Standards Track S. Ratliff
Expires: July 3, 2015 Idirect
J. Dowdell
Airbus Defence and Space
L. Steenbrink
HAW Hamburg, Dept. Informatik
December 30, 2014
Dynamic MANET On-demand (AODVv2) Routing
draft-ietf-manet-aodvv2-06
Abstract
The revised Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODVv2) routing
protocol is intended for use by mobile routers in wireless, multihop
networks. AODVv2 determines unicast routes among AODVv2 routers
within the network in an on-demand fashion, offering rapid
convergence in dynamic topologies.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on July 3, 2015.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
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carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
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the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Data Elements and Notational Conventions . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Applicability Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. AODVv2 Message Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6. Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.1. Route Table Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.2. Bidirectional Connectivity and Blacklists . . . . . . . . 12
6.3. Router Clients and Client Networks . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.4. Sequence Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.5. Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.5.1. The Cost() function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.5.2. The LoopFree() function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.5.3. Default Metric type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.5.4. Alternate Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.6. RREQ Table: Received RREQ Messages . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7. AODVv2 Operations on Route Table Entries . . . . . . . . . . 18
7.1. Evaluating Incoming Routing Information . . . . . . . . . 18
7.2. Applying Route Updates To Route Table Entries . . . . . . 19
7.3. Route Table Entry Timeouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
8. Routing Messages RREQ and RREP (RteMsgs) . . . . . . . . . . 20
8.1. Route Discovery Retries and Buffering . . . . . . . . . . 21
8.2. RteMsg Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
8.3. RREQ Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
8.4. RREP Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
8.5. Handling a Received RteMsg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
8.5.1. Additional Handling for Incoming RREQ . . . . . . . . 25
8.5.2. Additional Handling for Incoming RREP . . . . . . . . 26
8.6. Suppressing Redundant RREQ messages . . . . . . . . . . . 26
9. Route Maintenance and RERR Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
9.1. Maintaining Route Lifetimes During Packet Forwarding . . 27
9.2. Next-hop Router Adjacency Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . 28
9.3. RERR Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
9.3.1. Case 1: Undeliverable Packet . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
9.3.2. Case 2: Broken Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9.4. Receiving and Handling RERR Messages . . . . . . . . . . 30
10. Representing AODVv2 data elements using RFC 5444 . . . . . . 32
11. Simple Internet Attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
12. Multiple Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
13. AODVv2 Control Message Generation Limits . . . . . . . . . . 35
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14. Optional Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
14.1. Expanding Rings Multicast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
14.2. Intermediate RREP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
14.3. Precursor Lists and Notifications . . . . . . . . . . . 35
14.3.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
14.3.2. Precursor Notification Details . . . . . . . . . . . 36
14.4. Multicast RREP Response to RREQ . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
14.5. RREP_ACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
14.6. Message Aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
15. Administratively Configurable Parameters and Timer Values . . 38
15.1. Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
15.2. Protocol constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
15.3. Administrative (functional) controls . . . . . . . . . . 39
15.4. Other administrative parameters and lists . . . . . . . 39
16. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
16.1. AODVv2 Message Types Specification . . . . . . . . . . . 40
16.2. Message TLV Type Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
16.3. Address Block TLV Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
16.4. Metric Type Number Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
17. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
18. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
19. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
19.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
19.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Appendix A. Example Algorithms for AODVv2 Protocol Operations . 45
A.1. Subroutines for AODVv2 Protocol Operations . . . . . . . 47
A.2. Example Algorithms for AODVv2 RREQ Operations . . . . . . 48
A.2.1. Generate_RREQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
A.2.2. Receive_RREQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
A.2.3. Regenerate_RREQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
A.3. Example Algorithms for AODVv2 RREP Operations . . . . . . 51
A.3.1. Generate_RREP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
A.3.2. Receive_RREP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
A.3.3. Regenerate_RREP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
A.3.4. Consume_RREP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
A.4. Example Algorithms for AODVv2 RERR Operations . . . . . . 55
A.4.1. Generate_RERR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
A.4.2. Receive_RERR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
A.4.3. Regenerate_RERR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
A.5. Example Algorithms for AODVv2 RREP-Ack Operations . . . . 59
A.5.1. Generate_RREP_Ack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
A.5.2. Consume_RREP_Ack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
A.5.3. Timeout_RREP_Ack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Appendix B. Example RFC 5444-compliant packet formats . . . . . 59
B.1. RREQ Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
B.2. RREP Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
B.3. RERR Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
B.4. RREP_ACK Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
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Appendix C. Changes since revision ...-05.txt . . . . . . . . . 65
Appendix D. Changes since revision ...-04.txt . . . . . . . . . 66
Appendix E. Changes since revision ...-03.txt . . . . . . . . . 67
Appendix F. Changes since revision ...-02.txt . . . . . . . . . 67
Appendix G. Multi-homing Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Appendix H. Shifting Network Prefix Advertisement Between AODVv2
Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
1. Overview
The revised Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODVv2) routing
protocol [formerly named DYMO] enables on-demand, multihop unicast
routing among AODVv2 routers in mobile ad hod networks
[MANETs][RFC2501]. The basic operations of the AODVv2 protocol are
route discovery and route maintenance. Route discovery is performed
when an AODVv2 router must transmit a packet towards a destination
for which it does not have a route. Route maintenance is performed
to avoid prematurely expunging routes from the route table, and to
avoid dropping packets when a route breaks.
During route discovery, the originating AODVv2 router (RREQ_Gen)
multicasts a Route Request message (RREQ) to find a route toward some
target destination. Using a hop-by-hop regeneration algorithm, each
AODVv2 router receiving the RREQ message records a route toward the
originator. When the target's AODVv2 router (RREP_Gen) receives the
RREQ, it records a route toward RREQ_Gen and generates a Route Reply
(RREP) unicast toward RREQ_Gen. Each AODVv2 router that receives the
RREP stores a route toward the target, and again unicasts the RREP
toward the originator. When RREQ_Gen receives the RREP, routes have
then been established between RREQ_Gen (the originating AODVv2
router) and RREP_Gen (the target's AODVv2 router) in both directions.
Route maintenance consists of two operations. In order to maintain
routes, AODVv2 routers extend route lifetimes upon successfully
forwarding a packet. When a data packet is received to be forwarded
but there is no valid route for the destination, then the AODVv2
router of the source of the packet is notified via a Route Error
(RERR) message. Each upstream router that receives the RERR marks
the route as broken. Before such an upstream AODVv2 router could
forward a packet to the same destination, it would have to perform
route discovery again for that destination. RERR messages are also
used to notify upstream routers when routes break (say, due to loss
of a link to a neighbor).
AODVv2 uses sequence numbers to assure loop freedom [Perkins99],
similarly to AODV. Sequence numbers enable AODVv2 routers to
determine the temporal order of AODVv2 route discovery messages,
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thereby avoiding use of stale routing information. See Section 10
for the mapping of AODVv2 data elements to RFC 5444 Address Block,
Address TLV, and Message TLV formats.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
[RFC2119].
This document uses terminology from [RFC5444].
This document defines the following terms:
Adjacency
A bi-directional relationship between neighboring AODVv2 routers
for the purpose of exchanging routing information. Not every pair
of neighboring routers will necessarily form an adjacency.
Monitoring of adjacencies where packets are being forwarded is
required (see Section 9.2).
AODVv2 Router
An IP addressable device in the ad-hoc network that performs the
AODVv2 protocol operations specified in this document.
AODVv2 Sequence Number (SeqNum)
Same as Sequence Number.
Client Interface
An interface that directly connects Router Clients to the Router.
Current_Time
The current time as maintained by the AODVv2 router.
Data Element
A named object used within AODVv2 protocol messages
Disregard
Ignore for further processing (see Section 5).
Handling Router (HandlingRtr)
HandlingRtr denotes the AODVv2 router receiving and handling an
AODVv2 message.
Incoming Link
A link over which an AODVv2 Router has received a message from an
adjacent router.
MANET
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network as defined in [RFC2501].
MetricList
A MetricList is a list of Metrics associated with the addresses in
an AddressList.
Node
An IP addressable device in the ad-hoc network. A node may be an
AODVv2 router, or it may be a device in the network that does not
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perform any AODVv2 protocol operations. All nodes in this
document are either AODVv2 Routers or else Router Clients.
OrigAddr
The IP address of the Originating Node used as a data element
within AODVv2 messages.
Originating Node (OrigNode)
The Originating Node is the node that launched the application
requiring communication with the Target Address. If OrigNode is a
Router Client, its AODVv2 router (RREQ_Gen) has the responsibility
to generate a AODVv2 RREQ message on behalf of OrigNode as
necessary to discover a route.
PrefixLengthList
A PrefixLengthList is the list of prefix lengths associated with
the addresses in an AddressList.
Reactive
A protocol operation is called "reactive" if it is performed only
in reaction to specific events. As used in this document,
"reactive" is synonymous with "on-demand".
Routable Unicast IP Address
A routable unicast IP address is a unicast IP address that is
scoped sufficiently to be forwarded by a router. Globally-scoped
unicast IP addresses and Unique Local Addresses (ULAs) [RFC4193]
are examples of routable unicast IP addresses.
Route Error (RERR)
A RERR message is used to indicate that an AODVv2 router does not
have a route toward one or more particular destinations.
Route Reply (RREP)
A RREP message is used to establish a route between the Target
Address and the Originating Address, at all the AODVv2 routers
between them.
Route Request (RREQ)
An AODVv2 router uses a RREQ message to discover a valid route to
a particular destination address, called the Target Address. An
AODVv2 router processing a RREQ receives routing information for
the Originating Address.
Router Client
A node that requires the services of an AODVv2 router for route
discovery and maintenance. An AODVv2 router is always its own
client, so that its list of client IP addresses is never empty.
Router Interface
An interface supporting the transmission or reception of Router
Messages.
RREP Generating Router (RREP_Gen)
The RREP Generating Router is the AODVv2 router that serves
TargNode. RREP_Gen generates the RREP message to advertise a
route towards TargAddr from OrigAddr.
RREQ Generating Router (RREQ_Gen)
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The RREQ Generating Router is the AODVv2 router that serves
OrigNode. RREQ_Gen generates the RREQ message to discover a route
for TargAddr.
Sequence Number (SeqNum)
A Sequence Number is an unsigned integer maintained by an AODVv2
router to avoid re-use of stale messages. The router associates
SeqNum with an IP address of one of its network interfaces. The
value zero (0) is reserved to indicate that the Sequence Number
for an address is unknown.
SeqNumList
A SeqNumList is the list of Sequence Numbers associated with the
addresses in an AddressList.
TargAddr
The IP address of the Target Node used as a data element within
AODVv2 messages.
Target Node (TargNode)
The Target Node denotes the node hosting the IP address towards
which a route is needed.
Unreachable Addr (UnreachableAddr)
An UnreachableAddr is an address for which a valid route is not
known.
upstream
In the direction from TargAddr to OrigAddr.
Valid route
A route that can be used for forwarding; in other words a route
that is not Broken or Expired.
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3. Data Elements and Notational Conventions
This document uses the Data Elements and conventions found in Table 1
and Table 2.
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Data Elements | Meaning |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| msg_hop_limit | Number of hops allowable for the message. |
| msg_hop_count | Number of hops traversed so far by the message. |
| AckReq | Acknowledgement Requested for RREP |
| MetricType | Metric Type for Metric data element |
| PktSource | The IP address which is unreachable. |
| AddressList | A list of IP addresses |
| SeqNum | Sequence Number |
| SeqNumList | Sequence Number List |
| Metric | Metric value for route to associated IP address |
| OrigSeqNum | Originating Node Sequence Number |
| TargSeqNum | Target Node Sequence Number |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------+
Table 1
+------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Notation | Meaning |
+------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Route[Address] | A route table entry towards Address |
| Route[Address].{field} | A field in a route table entry |
| -- | -- |
| RREQ_Gen | AODVv2 router originating an RREQ |
| RREP_Gen | AODVv2 router responding to an RREQ |
| RteMsg | Either RREQ or RREP |
| RteMsg.{field} | Field in RREQ or RREP |
| AdvRte | a route advertised in an incoming RteMsg |
| HandlingRtr | Handling Router |
| UnreachableAddr | Unreachable Addr |
+------------------------+------------------------------------------+
Table 2
4. Applicability Statement
The AODVv2 routing protocol is a reactive routing protocol designed
for stub (i.e., non-transit) or disconnected (i.e., from the
Internet) mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). AODVv2 handles a wide
variety of mobility patterns by determining routes on-demand. AODVv2
also handles a wide variety of traffic patterns. In networks with a
large number of routers, AODVv2 is best suited for relatively sparse
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traffic scenarios where any particular router forwards packets to
only a small percentage of the AODVv2 routers in the network, due to
the on-demand nature of route discovery and route maintenance.
AODVv2 supports routers with multiple interfaces, as long as each
interface has its own (unicast routeable) IP address; the set of all
network interfaces supporting AODVv2 is administratively configured
in a list (namely, AODVv2_INTERFACES).
Although AODVv2 is closely related to AODV [RFC3561], and shares some
features of DSR [RFC4728], AODVv2 is not interoperable with either of
those other two protocols.
AODVv2 is applicable to memory constrained devices, since only a
little routing state is maintained in each AODVv2 router. Routes
that are not needed for forwarding data do not have to be maintained,
in contrast to proactive routing protocols that require routing
information to all routers within the MANET be maintained.
In addition to routing for its own local applications, each AODVv2
router can also route on behalf of other non-routing nodes (in this
document, "Router Clients"), reachable via Client Interfaces. Each
AODVv2 router, if serving router clients other than itself, SHOULD be
configured with information about the IP addresses of its clients,
using any suitable method. In the initial state, no AODVv2 router is
required to have information about the relationship between any other
AODVv2 router and its Router Clients (see Section 6.3).
The coordination among multiple AODVv2 routers to distribute routing
information correctly for a shared address (i.e. an address that is
advertised and can be reached via multiple AODVv2 routers) is not
described in this document. The AODVv2 router operation of shifting
responsibility for a routing client from one AODVv2 router to another
is described in Appendix H. Address assignment procedures are
entirely out of scope for AODVv2. A Router Client SHOULD NOT be
served by more than one AODVv2 router at any one time.
AODVv2 routers perform route discovery to find a route toward a
particular destination. AODVv2 routers MUST must be configured to
respond to RREQs for themselves and their clients. When AODVv2 is
the only protocol interacting with the forwarding table, AODVv2 MAY
be configured to perform route discovery for all unknown unicast
destinations.
AODVv2 only supports bidirectional links. In the case of possible
unidirectional links, blacklists (see Section 6.2) SHOULD be used, or
other means (e.g. adjacency establishment with only neighboring
routers that have bidirectional communication as indicated by NHDP
[RFC6130]) of assuring and monitoring bi-directionality are
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recommended. Otherwise, persistent packet loss or persistent
protocol failures could occur. The cost of bidirectional link L
(denoted Cost(L)) may depend upon the direction across the link for
which the cost is measured. If received over a link that is
unidirectional, metric information from incoming AODVv2 messages MUST
NOT be used for route table updates.
The routing algorithm in AODVv2 may be operated at layers other than
the network layer, using layer-appropriate addresses. The routing
algorithm makes use of some persistent state; if there is no
persistent storage available for this state, recovery can impose a
performance penalty (e.g., in case of AODVv2 router reboots).
5. AODVv2 Message Transmission
In its default mode of operation, AODVv2 sends messages using the
parameters for port number and IP protocol specified in [RFC5498].
By default, AODVv2 messages are sent with the IP destination address
set to the link-local multicast address LL-MANET-Routers [RFC5498]
unless otherwise specified. Therefore, all AODVv2 routers MUST
subscribe to LL-MANET-Routers [RFC5498] to receive AODVv2 messages.
In order to reduce multicast overhead, regenerated multicast packets
in MANETs SHOULD be done according to methods specified in [RFC6621].
AODVv2 does not specify which method should be used to restrict the
set of AODVv2 routers that have the responsibility to regenerate
multicast packets. Note that multicast packets MAY be sent via
unicast. For example, this may occur for certain link-types (non-
broadcast media), for manually configured router adjacencies, or in
order to improve robustness.
The IPv4 TTL (IPv6 Hop Limit) field for all packets containing AODVv2
messages is set to 255. If a packet is received with a value other
than 255, any AODVv2 message contained in the packet MUST be
disregarded by AODVv2. This mechanism, known as "The Generalized TTL
Security Mechanism" (GTSM) [RFC5082] helps to assure that packets
have not traversed any intermediate routers.
IP packets containing AODVv2 protocol messages SHOULD be given
priority queuing and channel access.
6. Data Structures
6.1. Route Table Entry
The route table entry is a conceptual data structure.
Implementations MAY use any internal representation so long as it
provides access to the information specified below.
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A route table entry has the following fields:
Route.Address
An address or address prefix of a node
Route.PrefixLength
The length of the address or prefix. If the value of
Route.PrefixLength is less than the length of addresses in the
address family used by the AODVv2 routers, the associated address
is a routing prefix, rather than an address. A PrefixLength is
stored for every route in the route table.
Route.SeqNum
The Sequence Number associated with Route.Address, as obtained
from the last packet that successfully updated this route table
entry.
Route.NextHopAddress
The IP address of the adjacent AODVv2 router used for the path
toward the Route.Address
Route.NextHopInterface
The interface used to send packets toward Route.Address
Route.LastUsed
The time that this route was last used
Route.ExpirationTime
The time at which this route must expire
Route.MetricType
The type of the metric for the route towards Route.Address
Route.Metric
The cost of the route towards Route.Address expressed in units
consistent with Route.MetricType
Route.State
The last *known* state of the route. Route.State is one of the
following: Active, Idle, Expired, or Broken.
Route.Timed
The Route.Timed flag is true if the route was specified to have a
specific lifetime for use.
Route.Precursors (optional)
A list of upstream nodes using the route.
A route table entry (i.e., a route) is in one of the following
states:
Active
An Active route is in current use for forwarding packets. An
Active route is maintained continuously by AODVv2 and is
considered to remain active as long as it is used at least once
during every ACTIVE_INTERVAL, or if the Route.Timed flag is true.
When a route that is not a timed route is no longer active the
route becomes an Idle route.
Idle
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An Idle route can be used for forwarding packets, even though it
is not in current use. If an Idle route is used to forward a
packet, it becomes an Active route once again. After an Idle
route remains idle for MAX_IDLETIME, it becomes an Expired route.
Expired
After a route has been idle for too long, it expires, and may no
longer be used for forwarding packets. An Expired route is not
used for forwarding, but the sequence number information can be
maintained until the destination sequence number has had no
updates for MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME; after that time, old sequence
number information is considered no longer valuable and the
Expired route MUST BE expunged.
Broken
A route marked as Broken cannot be used for forwarding packets but
still has valid destination sequence number information. When the
link to a route's next hop is broken, the route is marked as being
Broken, and afterwards the route MAY NOT be used.
Timed
The expiration of a Timed route is controlled by the
Route.ExpirationTime time of the route table entry (instead of
MAX_IDLETIME). Until that time, a Timed route can be used for
forwarding packets. A route is indicated to be a Timed route by
the setting of the Route.Timed flag in the route table entry.
Afterwards, the route MAY be expunged; otherwise the route must be
must be marked as Expired.
MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME is the time after a reboot during which an AODVv2
router MUST NOT transmit any routing messages. Thus, if all other
AODVv2 routers expunge routes to the rebooted router after that time
interval, the rebooted AODVv2 router's sequence number will not be
considered stale by any other AODVv2 router in the MANET.
6.2. Bidirectional Connectivity and Blacklists
To avoid repeated failure of Route Discovery, an AODVv2 router
(HandlingRtr) handling a RREP message MUST attempt to verify
connectivity towards RREQ_Gen. This MAY be done by including the
Acknowledgement Request (AckReq) data element in the RREP. In reply
to an AckReq, an RREP_ACK message message MUST be sent. If the
verification is not received within UNICAST_MESSAGE_SENT_TIMEOUT,
HandlingRtr MUST put the upstream neighbor in the blacklist. RREQs
received from a blacklisted router, or any router over a link that is
known to be incoming-only, MUST NOT be regenerated by HandlingRtr.
However, the upstream neighbor SHOULD NOT be permanently blacklisted;
after a certain time (MAX_BLACKLIST_TIME), it SHOULD once again be
considered as a viable upstream neighbor for route discovery
operations.
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For this purpose, a list of blacklisted routers along with their time
of removal SHOULD be maintained:
Blacklist.Router
An IP address of the router that did not verify bidirectional
connectivity.
Blacklist.RemoveTime
The time at which Blacklist.Router MAY be removed from the
blacklist.
6.3. Router Clients and Client Networks
An AODVv2 router may offer routing services to other nodes that are
not AODVv2 routers; such nodes are defined as Router Clients in this
document.
For this purpose, CLIENT_ADDRESSES must be configured on each AODVv2
router with the following information:
Client IP address
The IP address of the node that requires routing service from the
AODVv2 router.
Client Prefix Length
The length of the routing prefix associated with the client IP
address.
If the Client Prefix Length is not the full length of the Client IP
address, then the prefix defines a Client Network. If an AODVv2
router is configured to serve a Client Network, then the AODVv2
router MUST serve every node that has an address within the range
defined by the routing prefix of the Client Network. The list of
Routing Clients for an AODVv2 router is never empty, since an AODVv2
router is always its own client as well.
6.4. Sequence Numbers
Sequence Numbers allow AODVv2 routers to evaluate the freshness of
routing information. Each AODVv2 router in the network MUST maintain
its own sequence number. Each RREQ and RREP generated by an AODVv2
router includes that sequence number. Each AODVv2 router MUST make
sure that its sequence number is unique and monotonically increasing.
This can be achieved by incrementing it with every RREQ or RREP it
generates.
Every router receiving a RREQ or RREP can thus use the Sequence
Number of a RREQ or RREP as information concerning the freshness of
the packet's route update: if the new packet's Sequence Number is
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lower than the one already stored in the route table, its information
is considered stale.
As a consequence, loop freedom is assured.
If the router has multiple network interfaces, it can use the same
SeqNum for the IP addresses of all of them, or it can assign
different SeqNums for use with different IP addresses. However, the
router MUST NOT use multiple SeqNums for any particular IP address.
A Router Client has the same SeqNum as the IP address of the network
interface that the AODVv2 router uses to forward packets to that
Router Client. Similarly, a route to a subnet has the same SeqNum as
the IP address of the network interface that the AODVv2 router uses
to forward packets to that subnet. The Sequence Number guarantees
the temporal order of routing information to maintain loop-free
routes, and fulfills the same role as the "Destination Sequence
Number" of DSDV [Perkins94], and as the AODV Sequence Number in RFC
3561[RFC3561].
An AODVv2 router increments its SeqNum as follows. Most of the time,
SeqNum is incremented by simply adding one (1). But when the SeqNum
has the value of the largest possible number representable as a
16-bit unsigned integer (i.e., 65,535), it MUST be incremented by
setting to one (1). In other words, the sequence number after 65,535
is 1.
An AODVv2 router SHOULD maintain its SeqNum in persistent storage.
If an AODVv2 router's SeqNum is lost, it MUST take the following
actions to avoid the danger of routing loops. First, the AODVv2
router MUST set Route.State = Broken for each entry. Furthermore the
AODVv2 router MUST wait for at least MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME before
transmitting or regenerating any AODVv2 RREQ or RREP messages. If an
AODVv2 protocol message is received during this waiting period, the
AODVv2 router SHOULD perform normal route table entry updates, but
not forward the message to other nodes. If a data packet is received
for forwarding to another destination during this waiting period, the
AODVv2 router MUST transmit a RERR message indicating that no route
is available. At the end of the waiting period the AODVv2 router
sets its SeqNum to one (1) and begins performing AODVv2 protocol
operations again.
6.5. Metrics
Metrics describe the quality of a route or a link. They can take
various aspects into account, such as latency, delay, financial,
energy, etc. Whenever an AODV router receives metric information in
an incoming message, the value of the metric is as measured by the
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transmitting router, and does not reflect the cost of traversing the
incoming link.
Each routing table entry is associated with metric information. When
presented with information which may update a route, deciding whether
to use the information involves evaluating the metric. For some
metrics, a maximum value is defined, namely MAX_METRIC[i] where 'i'
is the Metric Type. AODVv2 does not store routes in its route table
that cost more than MAX_METRIC[i].
Each metric has to have a Metric Type, and the Metric Type is
allocated by IANA as specified in [RFC6551]. Apart from its default
metric type, which is detailed in Section 6.5.3, AODVv2 enables the
use of generic metrics, whose data type depends on the metric used.
The Metric Type is specified by the MetricType TLV of each RteMsg.
As a natural result of the way routes are looked up according to
conformant metric type, all intermediate routers handling a RteMsg
will assign the same metric type to all metric information in the
RteMsg.
6.5.1. The Cost() function
In order to simplify the description of storing accumulated route
costs in the route table, a Cost() function is defined. This
function returns the Cost of traversing a Route ('Cost(R)') or a Link
('Cost(L)'). The specification of Cost(L) for metric types other
than DEFAULT_METRIC_TYPE is beyond the scope of this document.
6.5.2. The LoopFree() function
Since determining loop freedom is known to depend on comparing the
Cost(R) of route update information to the Cost(R) of an existing
stored route using the same metric, AODVv2 must also be able to
invoke an abstract routine which in this document is called
"LoopFree(R1, R2)". LoopFree(R1, R2) returns TRUE when, (under the
assumption of nondecreasing SeqNum during Route Discovery) given that
R2 is loop-free and Cost(R2) is the cost of route R2, Cost(R1) is
known to guarantee loop freedom of the route R1. In this document,
an AODVv2 router will only invoke LoopFree (AdvRte, Route), for
routes AdvRte and Route which use the same metric to the same
destination. AdvRte is the route advertised in an incoming RREQ or
RREP, and is used as parameter R1 for LoopFree. Route is a route
already existing in the AODVv2 router's route table, and is used as
parameter R2 for LoopFree.
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6.5.3. Default Metric type
HopCount is still the default metric for use in MANETs,
notwithstanding the above objections. Therefore, the default Metric
Type DEFAULT_METRIC_TYPE is Hop Count. It is also the only metric
described in detail by this protocol. With this metric, Cost(L) is
always 1, and Cost(R) is simply the hop count between the router and
the destination.
MAX_METRIC[DEFAULT_METRIC_TYPE] is defined to be MAX_HOPCOUNT.
MAX_HOPCOUNT MUST be larger than the AODVv2 network diameter.
Otherwise, AODVv2 protocol messages may not reach their intended
destinations.
Using Metric Type DEFAULT_METRIC_TYPE, LoopFree (AdvRte, Route) is
TRUE when Cost(AdvRte) <= Cost(Route). The specification of Cost(R)
and LoopFree(AdvRte, Route) for metric types other than
DEFAULT_METRIC_TYPE is beyond the scope of this document.
6.5.4. Alternate Metrics
Some applications may require metric information other than Hop
Count, which has traditionally been the default metric associated
with routes in MANET. It is well known that reliance on Hop Count
can cause selection of the worst possible route in many situations.
For this reason, it is important to enable route selection based on
metric information other than Hop Count -- in other words, based on
"alternate metrics".
The range and data type of each such alternate metric may be
different. For instance, the data type might be integers, or
floating point numbers, or restricted subsets thereof. It is out of
the scope of this document to specify for alternate metrics the
Cost(L) and Cost(R) functions, or their return type.
6.6. RREQ Table: Received RREQ Messages
Two incoming RREQ messages are considered to be "comparable" if they
were generated by the same AODVv2 router in order to discover a route
for the same destination with the same metric type. According to
that notion of comparability, when RREQ messages are flooded in a
MANET, an AODVv2 router may well receive comparable RREQ messages
from more than one of its neighbors. A router, after receiving an
RREQ message, MUST check against previous RREQs to assure that its
response message would contain information that is not redundant (see
Section 8.6 regarding suppression of redundant RREQ messages).
Otherwise, multicast RREQs are likely to be regenerated again and
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again with almost no additional benefit, but generating a great deal
of unnecessary signaling traffic and interference.
To avoid transmission of redundant RREQ messages, while still
enabling the proper handling of earlier RREQ messages that may have
somehow been delayed in the network, it is needed for each AODVv2
router to keep a list of the certain information about RREQ messages
which it has recently received.
This list is called the AODVv2 Received RREQ Table -- or, more
briefly, the RREQ Table. Two AODVv2 RREQ messages are comparable if:
o they have the same metric type
o they have the same OrigAddr and TargAddr
Each entry in the RREQ Table has the following fields:
o OrigAddr
o TargAddr
o OrigNode Sequence Number
o TargNode Sequence Number (if present in RREQ)
o Metric Type
o Metric
o Timestamp
The RREQ Table is maintained so that no two entries in the RREQ
Table are comparable -- that is, all RREQs represented in the RREQ
Table either have a different OrigAddr, different TargAddr, or
different metric types. If two RREQs have the same metric type,
OrigAddr, and TargAddr, the information from the one with the older
Sequence Number is not needed in the table; in case they have the
same Sequence Number, the one with the greater Metric value is not
needed; in case they have the same Metric as well, it does not matter
which table entry is maintained. Whenever a RREQ Table entry is
updated, its Timestamp field should also be updated to reflect the
Current_Time.
When optional multicast RREP (see Section 14.4) is used to enable
selection from among multiple possible return routes, an AODVv2
router can eliminate redundant RREP messages using the analogous
mechanism along with a RREP Table. The description in this section
only refers to RREQ multicast messages.
Protocol handling of RERR messages eliminates the need for tracking
RERR messages, since the rules for RERR regeneration prevent the
phenomenon of redundant retansmission that affects RREQ and RREP
multicast.
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7. AODVv2 Operations on Route Table Entries
In this section, operations are specified for updating the route
table due to timeouts and route updates within AODVv2 messages.
Route update information in AODVv2 messages includes IP addresses,
along with the SeqNum and prefix length associated with each IP
address, and including the Metric measured from the node transmitting
the AODVv2 message to the IP address in the route update. A RREQ
message advertises a route to OrigAddr, and a RREP message
analogously advertises a route to TargAddr. In this section, RteMsg
is either RREQ or RREP, and AdvRte is the route advertised by the
RteMsg. All SeqNum comparisons use signed 16-bit arithmetic.
7.1. Evaluating Incoming Routing Information
If the incoming RteMsg does not have a Metric Type data element, then
the metric information contained by AdvRte is considered to be of
type DEFAULT_METRIC_TYPE -- in other words, 3 (for HopCount) unless
changed by administrative action. The AODVv2 router (HandlingRtr)
checks the advertised route (AdvRte) to see whether the AdvRte should
be used to update an existing route table entry. HandlingRtr
searches its route table to see if there is a route table entry with
the same Metric Type as the AdvRte, matching AdvRte.Address. If not,
HandlingRtr creates a route table entry for AdvRte.Address as
described in Section 7.2. Otherwise, HandlingRtr compares the
incoming routing information for AdvRte against the already stored
routing information in the route table entry (Route) for
AdvRte.Address, as described next.
Route[AdvRte.Address] uses the same metric type as the incoming
routing information, and the route entry contains Route.SeqNum,
Route.Metric, and Route.State. Define AdvRte.SeqNum and
AdvRte.Metric to be the corresponding routing information for
Route.Address in the incoming RteMsg. Define AdvRte.Cost to be
(AdvRte.Metric + Cost(L)), where L is the link from which the
incoming message was received. The incoming routing information is
classified as follows:
1. Stale:: AdvRte.SeqNum < Route.SeqNum :
If AdvRte.SeqNum < Route.SeqNum the incoming information is stale.
Using stale routing information is not allowed, since that might
result in routing loops. In this case, HandlingRtr MUST NOT
update the route table entry using the routing information for
AdvRte.Address.
2. Unsafe against loops:: (TRUE != LoopFree (AdvRte, Route)) :
If AdvRte is not Stale (as in (1) above), AdvRte.Cost is next
considered to insure loop freedom. If (TRUE != LoopFree (AdvRte,
Route)) (see Section 6.5), then the incoming AdvRte information is
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not guaranteed to prevent routing loops, and it MUST NOT be used
to update any route table entry.
3. More costly::
(AdvRte.Cost >= Route.Metric) && (Route.State != Broken)
When AdvRte.SeqNum is the same as in a valid route table entry,
and LoopFree (AdvRte, Route) assures loop freedom, incoming
information still does not offer any improvement over the existing
route table information if AdvRte.Cost >= Route.Metric. Using
such incoming routing information to update a route table entry is
not recommended.
4. Offers improvement::
Advertised routing information that does not match any of the
above criteria is better than existing route table information and
SHOULD be used to improve the route table. The following pseudo-
code illustrates whether advertised routing information should be
used to update an existing route table entry as described in
Section 7.2.
(AdvRte.SeqNum > Route.SeqNum) OR
((AdvRte.SeqNum == Route.SeqNum) AND
[(AdvRte.Cost < Route.Metric) OR
((Route.State == Broken) && LoopFree (AdvRte, Route))])
The above logic corresponds to placing the following conditions
(compared to the existing route table entry) on the advertised
route update before it can be used:
* it is more recent, or
* it is not stale and is less costly, or
* it can safely repair a broken route.
7.2. Applying Route Updates To Route Table Entries
To apply the route update, a route table entry for AdvRte.Address is
either found to already exist in the route table, or else a new route
table entry for AdvRte.Address is created and inserted into the route
table. If the route table entry already exists, and the state is
Expired or Broken, then the state is reset to be Idle. If the route
table entry had to be created, the state is set to be Active. The
route table entry is populated with the following information:
o If AdvRte.PrefixLength exists, then Route.PrefixLength :=
AdvRte.PrefixLength. Otherwise, Route.PrefixLength := maximum
length for address family (either 32 or 128).
o Route.SeqNum := AdvRte.SeqNum
o Route.NextHopAddress := IP.SourceAddress (i.e., an address of the
node from which the RteMsg was received)
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o Route.NextHopInterface is set to the interface on which RteMsg was
received
o Route.MetricType := AdvRte.MetricType
o Route.Metric := AdvRte.Cost
o Route.LastUsed := Current_Time
o If RteMsg.VALIDITY_TIME is included, then
Route.Timed := TRUE and Route.ExpirationTime := Current_Time +
RteMsg.VALIDITY_TIME. Otherwise, Route.ExpirationTime :=
Current_Time + (ACTIVE_INTERVAL + MAX_IDLETIME).
With these assignments to the route table entry, a route has been
made available, and the route can be used to send any buffered data
packets and subsequently to forward any incoming data packets for
Route.Address. An updated route entry also fulfills any outstanding
route discovery (RREQ) attempts for Route.Address.
7.3. Route Table Entry Timeouts
During normal operation, AODVv2 does not require any explicit
timeouts to manage the lifetime of a route. However, the route table
entry MUST be examined before using it to forward a packet, as
discussed in Section 9.1. Any required expiry or deletion can occur
at that time. Alternatively, timers and timeouts MAY be implemented
to achieve the same effect.
At any time, the route table can be examined and route table entries
can be expunged according to their current state at the time of
examination, as follows.
o An Active route MUST NOT be expunged.
o An Idle route SHOULD NOT be expunged.
o An Expired route MAY be expunged (least recently used first).
o A route MUST be expunged if (Current_Time - Route.LastUsed) >=
MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME.
o A route MUST be expunged if Current_Time >= Route.ExpirationTime
If precursor lists are maintained for the route (as described in
Section 14.3) then the precursor lists must also be expunged at the
same time that the route itself is expunged.
8. Routing Messages RREQ and RREP (RteMsgs)
AODVv2 message types RREQ and RREP are together known as Routing
Messages (RteMsgs) and are used to discover a route between an
Originating and Target Addr, denoted by OrigAddr and TargAddr. The
constructed route is bidirectional, enabling packets to flow between
OrigAddr and TargAddr. RREQ and RREP have similar information and
function, but have some differences in their rules for handling.
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When a node receives a RREQ or a RREP, the node then creates or
updates a route to the OrigAddr or the TargAddr respectively. The
main difference between the two messages is that RREQ messages are
typically multicast to solicit a RREP, whereas RREP is typically
unicast as a response to RREQ.
When an AODVv2 router needs to forward a data packet from a node
(with IP address OrigAddr) in its set of router clients, and it does
not have a forwarding route toward the packet's IP destination
address (TargAddr), the AODVv2 router (RREQ_Gen) generates a RREQ (as
described in Section 8.3) to discover a route toward TargAddr.
Subsequently RREQ_Gen awaits reception of an RREP message (see
Section 8.4) or other route table update (see Section 7.2) to
establish a route toward TargAddr. The RREQ message contains routing
information to enable RREQ recipients to route packets back to
OrigAddr, and the RREP message contains routing information enabling
RREP recipients to route packets to TargAddr.
8.1. Route Discovery Retries and Buffering
After issuing a RREQ, as described above RREQ_Gen awaits a RREP
providing a bidirectional route toward the Target Address. If the
RREP is not received within RREQ_WAIT_TIME, RREQ_Gen MAY retry the
Route Discovery by generating another RREQ. Route Discovery SHOULD
be considered to have failed after DISCOVERY_ATTEMPTS_MAX and the
corresponding wait time for a RREP response to the final RREQ. After
the attempted Route Discovery has failed, RREQ_Gen MUST wait at least
RREQ_HOLDDOWN_TIME before attempting another Route Discovery to the
same destination.
To reduce congestion in a network, repeated attempts at route
discovery for a particular Target Address SHOULD utilize a binary
exponential backoff.
Data packets awaiting a route SHOULD be buffered by RREQ_Gen. This
buffer SHOULD have a fixed limited size (BUFFER_SIZE_PACKETS or
BUFFER_SIZE_BYTES). Determining which packets to discard first is a
matter of policy at each AODVv2 router; in the absence of policy
constraints, by default older data packets SHOULD be discarded first.
Buffering of data packets can have both positive and negative effects
(albeit usually positive). Nodes without sufficient memory available
for buffering SHOULD be configured to disable buffering by
configuring BUFFER_SIZE_PACKETS == 0 and BUFFER_SIZE_BYTES == 0.
Doing so will affect the latency required for launching TCP
applications to new destinations.
If a route discovery attempt has failed (i.e., DISCOVERY_ATTEMPTS_MAX
attempts have been made without receiving a RREP) to find a route
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toward the Target Address, any data packets buffered for the
corresponding Target Address MUST BE dropped and a Destination
Unreachable ICMP message (Type 3) SHOULD be delivered to the source
of the data packet. The code for the ICMP message is 1 (Host
unreachable error). If RREQ_Gen is not the source (OrigNode), then
the ICMP is sent to OrigAddr.
8.2. RteMsg Structure
RteMsgs have the following general format:
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| msg_hop_limit, msg_hop_count |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| AckReq, MetricType |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| AddressList := {OrigAddr,TargAddr} |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Address Prefix Length for OrigAddr OR TargAddr |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| SeqNumList (OrigSeqNum AND/OR TargSeqNum) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| MetricList (Metric for OrigAddr OR TargAddr) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 1: RREQ and RREP (RteMsg) message structure
RteMsg Data Elements
msg_hop_limit
The remaining number of hops allowed for dissemination of the
RteMsg message.
msg_hop_count
The number of hops already traversed during dissemination of
the RteMsg message.
AckReq
(RREP Only) Acknowledgement Requested by sender (optional).
MetricType
If MetricType != DEFAULT_METRIC_TYPE, the MetricType associated
with route to OrigAddr or TargAddr.
AddressList
AddressList contains OrigAddr and TargAddr.
OrigSeqNum AND/OR TargSeqNum
At least one of OrigSeqNum or TargSeqNum is REQUIRED and
carries the destination sequence number(s) associated with
OrigNode or TargNode respectively.
MetricList
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The MetricList data element is REQUIRED, and carries the route
metric information associated with either OrigAddr or TargAddr
(but not both).
RteMsgs carry information about OrigAddr and TargAddr, as identified
in the context of the RREQ_Gen. Either the OrigSeqNum or TargSeqNum
MUST appear. Both MAY appear in the same RteMsg when SeqNum is
available for both OrigAddr and TargAddr.
If the OrigSeqNum data element appears, then it MUST apply only to
OrigAddr. The other address in the Address List is TargAddr.
If the TargSeqNum data element appears, then it MUST apply only to
TargAddr. The other address in the AddressList is OrigAddr.
8.3. RREQ Generation
RREQ_Gen (the AODVv2 router generating the RREQ and associated data
elements on behalf of its client OrigNode) follows the steps in this
section. OrigAddr MUST be a unicast address. The order of data
elements is illustrated schematically in Figure 1. RREQ_Gen SHOULD
include TargSeqNum, if a previous value of the TargNode's SeqNum is
known (e.g., from an invalid route table entry using longest-prefix
matching). If TargSeqNum is not included, AODVv2 routers handling
the RREQ assume that RREQ_Gen does not have that information.
1. RREQ_Gen MUST increment the SeqNum for OrigAddr by one (1)
according to the rules specified in Section 6.4. This assures
that each node receiving the RREQ will update its route table
using the information in the RREQ.
2. msg_hop_limit SHOULD be set to MAX_HOPCOUNT.
3. msg_hop_count, if included, MUST be set to 0.
* This RFC 5444 constraint causes certain RREQ payloads to incur
additional enlargement (otherwise, msg_hop_count could often
be used as the metric).
4. AddressList := {OrigAddr, TargAddr}
5. If Route[OrigAddr].PrefixLength is equal to the number of bits in
the addresses of the RREQ (32 for IPv4, 128 for IPv6), then no
PrefixLengthList is included. Otherwise, PrefixLengthList :=
{Route[OrigAddr].PrefixLength, null}.
6. OrigSeqNum := OrigAddr's SeqNum number
7. If known, TargSeqNum := Route[TargAddr].SeqNum
8. RREQ.MetricList := {Route[OrigAddr].Metric, null}
By default, the RREQ message is multicast to LL-MANET-Routers. An
example RREQ message format is illustrated in Appendix B.1.
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8.4. RREP Generation
This section specifies the generation of an RREP by an AODVv2 router
(RREP_Gen) that provides connectivity for TargAddr, thus enabling the
establishment of a route between OrigAddr and TargAddr. If TargAddr
is not a unicast IP address, the RREP MUST NOT be generated, and
processing for the RREQ is complete. Before transmitting a RREP, the
routing information of the RREQ is processed as specified in
Section 7.2; after such processing, RREP_Gen has an updated route to
OrigAddr as well as TargAddr. The basic format of an RREP conforms
to the structure for RteMsgs as shown in Figure 1.
RREP_Gen creates data elements and generates the RREP as follows:
1. RREP_Gen checks the RREQ against recently received RREQ messages
as specified in Section 8.6. If a previously received RREQ has
made the information in the incoming RREQ to be redundant, no
RREP is generated and processing is complete.
2. RREP_Gen MUST increment TargAddr's SeqNum by one (1) according to
the rules specified in Section 6.4.
3. msg_hop_count, if included, MUST be set to 0.
4. msg_hop_limit SHOULD be set to RREQ.msg_hop_count.
5. If (DEFAULT_METRIC_TYPE != Route[TargAddr].MetricType) then
include the MetricType data element and set MetricType :=
Route[TargAddr].MetricType
6. AddressList := {OrigAddr, TargAddr}
7. TargSeqNum := Route[TargAddr].SeqNum
8. If Route[TargAddr].PrefixLength is equal to the number of bits in
the addresses of the RREQ (32 for IPv4, 128 for IPv6), then no
PrefixLengthList is included in the RREP. Otherwise,
PrefixLengthList := {null, Route[TargAddr].PrefixLength}
9. MetricList := {null, Route[TargAddr].Metric}}
By default, the RREP message is unicast to OrigAddr. An example
message format for RREP is illustrated in Appendix B.2.
8.5. Handling a Received RteMsg
Before an AODVv2 router can make use of a received RteMsg (i.e., RREQ
or RREP), the router must verify that the RteMsg is valid according
to the following steps. First the router extracts the data elements
from the message (see Section 10). RteMsg_Metric is the single
Metric. In this section (unless qualified by additional description)
all occurrences of the term "router" refer to the AODVv2 router
handling the received RteMsg.
1. A router MUST handle RteMsgs only from neighbors as specified in
Section 5. RteMsgs from other sources MUST be disregarded.
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2. The router verifies that the RteMsg contains the required data
elements: msg_hop_limit, OrigAddr, TargAddr, RteMsg_Metric, and
either OrigSeqNum or TargSeqNum. If the required data elements
are absent, the message is disregarded.
3. The router checks that OrigAddr and TargAddr are routable unicast
addresses. If not, the message is disregarded.
4. If the MetricType is absent, the router uses DEFAULT_METRIC_TYPE
for the metric type. Otherwise the router verifies that the
MetricType is known; if not, the message is disregarded.
* DISCUSSION: or, can change Metric data element to use
HopCount, e.g., measured from msg_hop_count.
5. If (MAX_METRIC[MetricType] - Cost(L)) <= RteMsg_Metric, where L
denotes the incoming link, the RteMsg is disregarded.
An AODVv2 router handles a valid RteMsg as follows:
1. The router MUST process the advertised route for OrigAddr or
TargAddr contained in the RteMsg as specified in Section 7.1.
2. If msg_hop_limit is zero (0), no further action is taken, and the
RteMsg is not regenerated. Otherwise, the router MUST decrement
msg_hop_limit.
3. If the RteMsg.msg_hop_count is present, and MAX_HOPCOUNT <=
msg_hop_count, then no further action is taken. Otherwise, the
router MUST increment msg_hop_count.
Further actions to regenerate an updated RteMsg depend upon whether
the incoming RteMsg is an RREP or an RREQ.
8.5.1. Additional Handling for Incoming RREQ
o By sending a RREQ, a router advertises that it will forward
packets to the OrigAddr contained in the RteMsg according to the
information enclosed. The router MAY choose not to regenerate the
RREQ, though not regenerating the RREQ could decrease connectivity
in the network or result in nonoptimal paths. The circumstances
under which a router might choose not to re-transmit a RREQ are
not specified in this document. Some examples might include the
following:
* The router is already heavily loaded and does not want to
advertise routing for more traffic
* The router recently transmitted the same routing information
(e.g. in a RREQ advertising the same metric) Section 8.6
* The router is low on energy and has to reduce energy expended
for sending protocol messages or packet forwarding
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Unless the router is prepared to advertise the new route, it halts
processing.
o If the upstream router sending a RREQ is in the Blacklist, and
Current_Time < Blacklist.RemoveTime, then the router receiving
that RREQ MUST NOT transmit any outgoing RteMsg, and processing is
complete.
o Otherwise, if the upstream router is in the Blacklist, and
Current_Time >= Blacklist.RemoveTime, then the upstream router
SHOULD be removed from the Blacklist, and message processing
continued.
o The incoming RREQ MUST be checked against previously received
information from the RREQ Table (Section 8.6). If the information
in the incoming RteMsg is redundant, then then no further action
is taken.
o If TargNode is a client of the router receiving the RREQ, then the
router generates a RREP message as specified in Section 8.4, and
subsequently processing for the RREQ is complete. Otherwise,
processing continues as follows.
o If (DEFAULT_METRIC_TYPE != Route[OrigAddr].MetricType) then
include the MetricType data element and assign MetricType :=
Route[OrigAddr].MetricType
o Metric := Route[OrigAddr].Metric
o The RREQ (with updated fields as specified above>) SHOULD be
multicast the IP address LL-MANET-Routers [RFC5498]. If the RREQ
is unicast, the IP.DestinationAddress is set to
Route[RREQ.TargAddr].NextHopAddress.
8.5.2. Additional Handling for Incoming RREP
The OrigAddr and TargAddr data elements are extracted from the
AddressList of the incoming RREP, for instance according to the
format of message elements as shown in Section 10.
o If no forwarding route exists to OrigAddr, then a RERR SHOULD be
transmitted to TargAddr. Otherwise, if HandlingRtr is not
RREQ_Gen then the outgoing RREP is sent to the
Route.NextHopAddress for OrigAddr.
o If HandlingRtr is RREQ_Gen then the RREP satisfies RREQ_Gen's
earlier RREQ, and RREP processing is completed. Any packets
buffered for OrigAddr should be transmitted.
8.6. Suppressing Redundant RREQ messages
Since RREQ messages are multicast, there are common circumstances
under which an AODVv2 router might transmit a redundant response
(RREQ or RREP), duplicating the information transmitted in response
to some other recent RREQ (see Section 6.6). Before responding, an
AODVv2 router MUST suppress such RREQ messages. This is done by
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checking the list of recently received RREQs to determine whether the
incoming RREQ is redundant, as follows:
o The AODVv2 router searches the RREQ Table for recent entries with
the same OrigAddr, TargAddr, and MetricType. If not, the incoming
RREQ message is not suppressed, and a new entry for the incoming
RREQ is created in the RREQ Table.
o If there is such an entry, and the incoming RREQ has a newer
sequence number, the incoming RREQ is not suppressed, and the
existing table entry MUST be updated to reflect the new Sequence
Number and Metric.
o Similarly, if the Sequence Numbers are the same, and the incoming
RREQ offers a better Metric, the incoming RREQ is not suppressed,
and the RREQ Table entry MUST be updated to reflect the new
Metric.
o Otherwise, the incoming RREQ is suppressed.
9. Route Maintenance and RERR Messages
AODVv2 routers attempt to maintain active routes. When a routing
problem is encountered, an AODVv2 router (denoted RERR_Gen) sends the
RERR to quickly notify upstream routers. Two kinds of routing
problems can trigger generation of a RERR message. The first case
happens when the router receives a packet but does not have a route
for the destination of the packet. The second case happens
immediately upon detection of a broken link (see Section 9.2) for an
Active route.
9.1. Maintaining Route Lifetimes During Packet Forwarding
Before using a route to forward a packet, an AODVv2 router MUST check
the status of the route as follows.
o If the route is marked has been marked as Broken, it cannot be
used for forwarding.
o If Current_Time > Route.ExpirationTime, the route table entry has
expired, and cannot be used for forwarding.
o Similarly, if (Route.ExpirationTime == MAXTIME), and if
(Current_Time - Route.LastUsed) > (ACTIVE_INTERVAL +
MAX_IDLETIME), the route has expired, and cannot be used for
forwarding.
o Furthermore, if Current_Time - Route.LastUsed >
MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME, the route table entry MUST be expunged.
If any of the above route error conditions hold true, the route
cannot be used to forward the packet, and an RERR message MUST be
generated (see Section 9.3).
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Otherwise, Route.LastUsed := Current_Time, and the packet is
forwarded to the route's next hop.
Optionally, if a precursor list is maintained for the route, see
Section 14.3 for precursor lifetime operations.
9.2. Next-hop Router Adjacency Monitoring
Neighboring routers MAY form an adjacency based on AODVv2 messages,
other protocols (e.g. NDP [RFC4861] or NHDP [RFC6130]), or manual
configuration. Loss of a routing adjacency may also be indicated by
similar information. AODVv2 routers SHOULD monitor connectivity to
adjacent routers along active routes. This monitoring can be
accomplished by one or several mechanisms, including:
o Neighborhood discovery [RFC6130]
o Route timeout
o Lower layer trigger that a link is broken
o TCP timeouts
o Promiscuous listening
o Other monitoring mechanisms or heuristics
If a next-hop AODVv2 router has become unreachable, RERR_Gen follows
the procedures in Section 9.3.2.
9.3. RERR Generation
An RERR message is generated by a AODVv2 router (i.e., RERR_Gen) in
order to notify upstream routers that packets cannot be delivered to
one or more destinations. An RERR message has the following general
structure:
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| msg_hop_limit, msg_hop_count |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| PktSource, MetricType |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Unreachable Address List |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Unreachable Address PrefixLength List |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Unreachable Address Sequence Number List |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 2: RERR message structure
RERR Data Elements
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msg_hop_limit
The remaining number of hops allowed for dissemination of the
RERR message.
msg_hop_count
The number of hops already traversed during dissemination of
the RERR message.
PktSource
The IP address of the unreachable destination triggering RERR
generation.
MetricType
If MetricType != DEFAULT_METRIC_TYPE, the MetricType associated
with routes affected by a broken link.
AddressList
A list of IP addresses not reachable by the AODVv2 router
transmitting the RERR.
PrefixLengthList
The list of prefix lengths associated with the addresses in the
Unreachable Address List.
SeqNumList
The list of destination sequence numbers associated with the
Unreachable Address List.
There are two kinds of events indicating that packets cannot be
delivered to certain destinations. The two cases differ in the way
that the neighboring IP destination address for the RERR is chosen,
and in the way that the set of UnreachableAddrs is identified.
In both cases, the msg_hop_limit MUST be included and SHOULD be set
to MAX_HOPCOUNT. msg_hop_count SHOULD be included and set to 0, to
facilitate use of various route repair strategies including expanding
rings multicast and Intermediate RREP [I-D.perkins-irrep].
9.3.1. Case 1: Undeliverable Packet
The first case happens when the router receives a packet from another
AODVv2 router but does not have a valid route for the destination of
the packet. In this case, there is exactly one UnreachableAddr to be
included in the RERR's AddressList (either the Destination Address of
the IP header from a data packet, or the OrigAddr found in the
AddressList of an RREP message). The RERR SHOULD be sent to the
multicast address LL-MANET-Routers, but RERR_Gen MAY instead send the
RERR to the next hop towards the source IP address of the packet
which was undeliverable. For unicast RERR, the PktSource data
element MUST be included, containing the the source IP address of the
undeliverable packet, or TargAddr in case the undeliverable packet
was an RREP message for a route to TargAddr. If a Sequence Number
for UnreachableAddr is known, that Sequence Number SHOULD be included
in a Seqnum data element the RERR. Otherwise all nodes handling the
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RERR will assume their route through RERR_Gen towards the
UnreachableAddr is no longer valid and mark those routes as broken,
regardless of the Sequence Number information for those routes.
RERR_Gen MUST discard the packet or message that triggered generation
of the RERR.
If an AODVv2 router receives an ICMP packet from the address of one
of its client nodes, it simply relays the packet to the ICMP packet's
destination address, and does not generate any RERR message.
9.3.2. Case 2: Broken Link
The second case happens when the link breaks to an active adjacent
AODVv2 router (i.e., the next hop of an active route). In this case,
the RERR MUST be sent to the multicast address LL-MANET-Routers,
except when the optional feature of maintaining precursor lists is
used as specified in Section 14.3. All routes (Active, Idle and
Expired) that use the broken link MUST be marked as Broken. The
AddressList (which will contain the Unreachable Addresses) is
initialized by first identifying those Active routes which use the
broken link. For each such Active Route, Route.Dest is added to the
AddressList. After the Active Routes using the broken link have all
been indicated in the AddressList, Idle routes MAY also be included,
if allowed by the setting of ENABLE_IDLE_IN_RERR, as long as the
packet size of the RERR does not exceed the MTU (interface "Maximum
Transfer Unit") of the physical medium.
If there are no Unreachable Addresses in the AddressList, no RERR is
generated. Otherwise, RERR_Gen generates a new RERR using the
AddressList. If any Unreachable Address is associated with a routing
prefix (i.e., a prefix length shorter than the maximum length for the
address family), then the AddressList MUST be accompanied by a
PrefixLengthList; otherwise, if no such entry, the PrefixLengthList
SHOULD NOT be included. The value (from the route table) for each
Unreachable Address's SeqNum MUST be placed in the SeqNum data
element.
Every broken route reported in the RERR MUST have the same
MetricType. If the MetricType is not DEFAULT_METRIC_TYPE, then the
RERR message MUST contain a MetricType data element indicating the
MetricType of the broken route(s).
9.4. Receiving and Handling RERR Messages
When an AODVv2 router (HandlingRtr) receives a RERR message, it uses
the information provided to mark affected routes as broken. If
HandlingRtr has neighbors that are using the affected routes, then
HandlingRtr subsequently sends an RERR message to those neighbors.
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This regeneration of the RERR message is counted as another "hop" for
purposes of properly modifying msg_hop_limit and msg_hop_count in the
RERR message header.
HandlingRtr examines the incoming RERR to assure that it contains
msg_hop_limit and at least one Unreachable Address; otherwise, the
incoming RERR message is disregarded and further processing stopped.
For each UnreachableAddr, HandlingRtr searches its route table for a
route using longest prefix matching. If no such Route is found,
processing is complete for that UnreachableAddr. Otherwise,
HandlingRtr verifies the following:
1. The UnreachableAddr is a routable unicast address.
2. Route.NextHopAddress is the same as the SourceAddress in the IP
header of the RERR packet.
3. Route.NextHopInterface is the same as the interface on which the
RERR was received.
4. The UnreachableAddr.SeqNum is unknown, OR Route.SeqNum <=
UnreachableAddr.SeqNum (using signed 16-bit arithmetic).
If the Route satisfies all of the above conditions, HandlingRtr
checks whether Route.PrefixLength is the same as the prefix length
for UnreachableAddr. If so, HandlingRtr simply sets the state for
that Route to be Broken. Otherwise, HandlingRtr creates a new route
(call it BrokenRoute) with the same PrefixLength as the prefix length
for UnreachableAddr, and sets Route.State == Broken for BrokenRoute.
If the prefix length for the new route is shorter than
Route.PrefixLength, then Route MUST be expunged from the route table
(since it is a subroute of the larger route which is reported to be
broken). If msg_hop_limit is 0, then HandlingRtr takes no further
action on the RERR message.
If there are no UnreachableAddrs to be transmitted in an RERR to
upstream routers, HandlingRtr takes no further action on the RERR
message.
Otherwise, msg_hop_limit is decremented by one (1) and processing
continues as follows:
o The UnreachableAddrs data element is included in the RERR.
o msg_hop_limit is decremented by one (1).
o (Optional) If precursor lists are maintained, the outgoing RERR
SHOULD be sent to the active precursors of the broken route as
specified in Section 14.3.
o Otherwise, if the incoming RERR message was received at the LL-
MANET-Routers [RFC5498] multicast address, the outgoing RERR
SHOULD be sent to LL-MANET-Routers.
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o Otherwise, if the PktSource data element is present, and
HandlingRtr has a Route to PktSource.Addr, then HandlingRtr MUST
send the outgoing RERR to Route[PktSource.Addr].NextHop.
o Otherwise, the outgoing RERR MUST be sent to LL-MANET-Routers.
10. Representing AODVv2 data elements using RFC 5444
AODVv2 specifies that all control plane messages between Routers
SHOULD use the Generalised Mobile Ad-hoc Network Packet and Message
Format [RFC5444], which provides a multiplexed transport for multiple
protocols. AODVv2 therefore specifies Route Messages comprising data
elements that map to message elements in RFC5444 but, in line with
the concept of use, does not specify which order the messages should
be arranged in an RFC5444 packet. An implementation of an RFC5444
parser may choose to optimise the content of certain message elements
to reduce control plane overhead.
Here is a brief summary of the RFC 5444 format.
A packet formatted according to RFC 5444 contains zero or more
messages.
A message contains a message header, message TLV block, and zero
or more address blocks.
Each address block MAY also have an associated TLV block; this TLV
block MAY encode multiple TLVs. Each such TLV may include an
array of values. The list of TLV values may be associated with
various subsets of the addresses in the address block.
If a packet contains only a single AODVv2 message and no packet TLVs,
it need only include a minimal Packet-Header [RFC5444]. The length
of an address (32 bits for IPv4 and 128 bits for IPv6) inside an
AODVv2 message is indicated by the msg-addr-length (MAL) in the msg-
header, as specified in [RFC5444].
This section specifies a way to represent the data elements specified
by AODVv2 within RFC 5444 message format.
Type-Length-Value structure (TLV)
A generic way to represent information, conformant to use in
[RFC5444].
AODVv2 uses the following RFC5444 message elements:
o Message Hop Count, <msg-hop-count>, which should be mapped to the
<msg-hop-count> element in <msg-header>.
o Message Hop Limit, <msg-hop-limit>, which should be mapped to the
<msg-hop-limit> element in <msg-header>.
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+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Data Element | RFC 5444 Message Representation |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| msg_hop_limit | RFC 5444 Message Header <msg-hop-count> |
| msg_hop_count | RFC 5444 Message Header <msg-hop-limit> |
| AckReq | Acknowledgement Requested Message TLV |
| MetricType | Metric Type Message TLV |
| AddressList | RFC 5444 Address TLV Block |
| PrefixLengthsList | Included in RFC 5444 Address TLV Block |
| MetricList | Metric Address Block TLV |
| SeqNumList | Sequence Number Address Block TLV |
| OrigSeqNum | Originating Node Sequence Number Address |
| | Block TLV |
| TargSeqNum | Target Node Sequence Number Address Block |
| | TLV |
| OrigAddr | Included in AddressList |
| TargAddr | Included in AddressList |
| UnreachableAddr | Included in AddressList |
| SeqNum | Included in SeqNumList |
| Metric | Included in MetricList |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
Table 3
For handling of messages that contain unknown TLV types, ignore the
information for processing, but preserve it unmodified for
forwarding.
11. Simple Internet Attachment
Simple Internet attachment means attachment of a stub (i.e., non-
transit) network of AODVv2 routers to the Internet via a single
Internet AODVv2 router (called IAR).
As in any Internet-attached network, AODVv2 routers, and their
clients, wishing to be reachable from hosts on the Internet MUST have
IP addresses within the IAR's routable and topologically correct
prefix (e.g. 191.0.2.0/24).
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/-------------------------\
/ +----------------+ \
/ | AODVv2 Router | \
| | 191.0.2.2/32 | |
| +----------------+ | Routable
| +-----+--------+ Prefix
| | Internet | /191.0.2/24
| | AODVv2 Router| /
| | 191.0.2.1 |/ /---------------\
| | serving net +------+ Internet \
| | 191.0.2/24 | \ /
| +-----+--------+ \---------------/
| +----------------+ |
| | AODVv2 Router | |
| | 191.0.2.3/32 | |
\ +----------------+ /
\ /
\-------------------------/
Figure 3: Simple Internet Attachment Example
When an AODVv2 router within the AODVv2 MANET wants to discover a
route toward a node on the Internet, it uses the normal AODVv2 route
discovery for that IP Destination Address. The IAR MUST respond to
RREQ on behalf of all Internet destinations.
When a packet from a node on the Internet destined for a node in the
AODVv2 MANET reaches the IAR, if the IAR does not have a route toward
that destination it will perform normal AODVv2 route discovery for
that destination.
12. Multiple Interfaces
AODVv2 MAY be used with multiple interfaces; therefore, the
particular interface over which packets arrive MUST be known whenever
a packet is received. Whenever a new route is created, the interface
through which the route's destination can be reached is also recorded
in the route table entry.
When multiple interfaces are available, a node transmitting a
multicast packet to LL-MANET-Routers MUST send the packet on all
interfaces that have been configured for AODVv2 operation.
Similarly, AODVv2 routers MUST subscribe to LL-MANET-Routers on all
their AODVv2 interfaces.
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13. AODVv2 Control Message Generation Limits
To avoid congestion, each AODVv2 router's rate of packet/message
generation SHOULD be limited. The rate and algorithm for limiting
messages (CONTROL_TRAFFIC_LIMITS) is left to the implementor and
should be administratively configurable. AODVv2 messages SHOULD be
discarded in the following order of preference: RREQ, RREP, and
finally RERR.
14. Optional Features
Some optional features of AODVv2, associated with AODV, are not
required by minimal implementations. These features are expected to
apply in networks with greater mobility, or larger node populations,
or requiring reduced latency for application launches. The optional
features are as follows:
o Expanding Rings Multicast
o Intermediate RREPs (iRREPs): Without iRREP, only the destination
can respond to a RREQ.
o Precursor lists.
o Reporting Multiple Unreachable Addresses: a RERR message can carry
more than one Unreachable Destination Address for cases when a
single link breakage causes multiple destinations to become
unreachable from an intermediate router.
o RREP_ACK.
o Message Aggregation.
14.1. Expanding Rings Multicast
For multicast RREQ, msg_hop_limit MAY be set in accordance with an
expanding ring search as described in [RFC3561] to limit the RREQ
propagation to a subset of the local network and possibly reduce
route discovery overhead.
14.2. Intermediate RREP
This specification has been published as a separate Internet Draft
[I-D.perkins-irrep].
14.3. Precursor Lists and Notifications
This section specifies an interoperable enhancement to AODVv2 (and
possibly other reactive routing protocols) enabling more economical
notifications to traffic sources upon determination that a route
needed to forward such traffic to its destination has become Broken.
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14.3.1. Overview
In many circumstances, there can be several sources of traffic for a
certain destination. Each such source of traffic is known as a
"precursor" for the destination, as well as all upstream routers
between the forwarding AODVv2 router and the traffic source. For
each destination, an AODVv2 router MAY choose to keep track of the
upstream neighbors that have provided traffic for that destination;
there is no need to keep track of upstream routers any farther away
than the next hop.
Moreover, any particular link to an adjacent AODVv2 router may be a
path component of multiple routes towards various destinations. The
precursors for all destinations using the next hop across any link
are collectively known as the precursors for that next hop.
When an AODVv2 router determines that an link to one of its neighbors
has broken, the AODVv2 router detecting the broken link must mark
multiple routes as Broken, for each of the newly unreachable
destinations, as described in Section 9.3. Each route that relies on
the newly broken link is no longer valid. Furthermore, the
precursors of the broken link should be notified (using RERR) about
the change in status of their route to a destination relying upon the
broken next hop.
14.3.2. Precursor Notification Details
During normal operation, each AODVv2 router wishing to maintain
precursor lists as described above, maintains a precursor table and
updates the table whenever the node forwards traffic to one of the
destinations in its route table. For each precursor in the precursor
list, a record must be maintained to indicate whether the precursor
has been used for recent traffic (in other words, whether the
precursor is an Active precursor). So, when traffic arrives from a
precursor, the Current_Time is used to mark the time of last use for
the precursor list element associated with that precursor.
When an AODVv2 router detects that a link is broken, then for each
precursor using that next hop, the node MAY notify the precursor
using either unicast or multicast RERR:
unicast RERR to each Active precursor
This option is applicable when there are few Active precursors
compared to the number of neighboring AODVv2 routers.
multicast RERR to RERR_PRECURSORS
RERR_PRECURSORS is, by default, LL-MANET-Routers [RFC5498]. This
option is typically preferable when there are many precursors,
since fewer packet transmissions are required.
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Each upstream neighbor (i.e., precursor) MAY then execute the same
procedure until all upstream routers have received the RERR
notification.
14.4. Multicast RREP Response to RREQ
The RREQ Target Router (RREP_Gen) MAY, as an alternative to
unicasting a RREP, be configured to distribute routing information
about the route toward TargAddr. That is, RREP_Gen MAY be configured
respond to a route discovery by generating a RREP, using the
procedure in Section 8.4, but multicasting the RREP to LL-MANET-
Routers [RFC5498] (subject to similar suppression algorithm for
redundant RREP multicasts as described in Section 8.6). The
redundant message suppression must occur at every router handling the
multicast RREP. Afterwards, RREP_Gen processing for the incoming
RREQ is complete.
Broadcast RREP response to incoming RREQ was originally specified to
handle unidirectional links, but it is expensive. Due to the
significant overhead, AODVv2 routers MUST NOT use multicast RREP
unless configured to do so by setting the administrative parameter
USE_MULTICAST_RREP.
14.5. RREP_ACK
Instead of relying on existing mechanisms for requesting verification
of link bidirectionality during Route Discovery, RREP_Ack is provided
as an optional feature and modeled on the RREP_Ack message type from
AODV [RFC3561].
Since the RREP_ACK is simply echoed back to the node from which the
RREP was received, there is no need for other data elements.
Considerations of packet TTL are as specified in Section 5. An
example message format is illustrated in section Appendix B.4.
14.6. Message Aggregation
The aggregation of multiple messages into a packet is specified in
RFC 5444 [RFC5444].
Implementations MAY choose to briefly delay transmission of messages
for the purpose of aggregation (into a single packet) or to improve
performance by using jitter [RFC5148].
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15. Administratively Configurable Parameters and Timer Values
AODVv2 uses various configurable parameters of various types:
o Timers
o Protocol constants
o Administrative (functional) controls
o Other administrative parameters and lists
The tables in the following sections show the parameters along their
definitions and default values (if any).
Note: several fields have limited size (bits or bytes). These sizes
and their encoding may place specific limitations on the values that
can be set. For example, <msg-hop-count> is a 8-bit field and
therefore MAX_HOPCOUNT cannot be larger than 255.
15.1. Timers
AODVv2 requires certain timing information to be associated with
route table entries. The default values are as follows, subject to
future experience:
+------------------------------+---------------+
| Name | Default Value |
+------------------------------+---------------+
| ACTIVE_INTERVAL | 5 second |
| MAX_IDLETIME | 200 seconds |
| MAX_BLACKLIST_TIME | 200 seconds |
| MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME | 300 seconds |
| RREQ_WAIT_TIME | 2 seconds |
| UNICAST_MESSAGE_SENT_TIMEOUT | 1 second |
| RREQ_HOLDDOWN_TIME | 10 seconds |
+------------------------------+---------------+
Table 4: Timing Parameter Values
The above timing parameter values have worked well for small and
medium well-connected networks with moderate topology changes.
The timing parameters SHOULD be administratively configurable for the
network where AODVv2 is used. Ideally, for networks with frequent
topology changes the AODVv2 parameters should be adjusted using
either experimentally determined values or dynamic adaptation. For
example, in networks with infrequent topology changes MAX_IDLETIME
may be set to a much larger value.
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15.2. Protocol constants
AODVv2 protocol constants typically do not require changes. The
following table lists these constants, along with their values and a
reference to the specification describing their use.
+------------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
| Name | Default Value | Description |
+------------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
| DISCOVERY_ATTEMPTS_MAX | 3 | Section 8.1 |
| MAX_HOPCOUNT | 20 hops | Section 6.5 |
| MAX_METRIC[i] | Specified only for | Section 6.5 |
| | HopCount | |
| MAXTIME | [TBD] | Maximum expressible |
| | | clock time |
+------------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
Table 5: Parameter Values
15.3. Administrative (functional) controls
The following administrative controls may be used to change the
operation of the network, by enabling optional behaviors. These
options are not required for correct routing behavior, although they
may potentially reduce AODVv2 protocol messaging in certain
situations. The default behavior is to NOT enable most such options,
options. Packet buffering is enabled by default.
+------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Name | Description |
+------------------------+------------------------------------+
| DEFAULT_METRIC_TYPE | 3 (i.e, Hop Count (see [RFC6551])) |
| ENABLE_IDLE_IN_RERR | Section 9.3.2 |
| ENABLE_IRREP | Section 8.3 |
| USE_MULTICAST_RREP | Section 14.4 |
+------------------------+------------------------------------+
Table 6: Administratively Configured Controls
15.4. Other administrative parameters and lists
The following table lists contains AODVv2 parameters which should be
administratively configured for each specific network.
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+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------+
| Name | Default Value | Cross Reference |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------+
| AODVv2_INTERFACES | | Section 4 |
| BUFFER_SIZE_PACKETS | 2 | Section 8.1 |
| BUFFER_SIZE_BYTES | MAX_PACKET_SIZE [TBD] | Section 8.1 |
| CLIENT_ADDRESSES | AODVv2_INTERFACES | Section 6.3 |
| CONTROL_TRAFFIC_LIMIT | TBD [50 packets/sec?] | Section 13 |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------+
Table 7: Other Administrative Parameters
16. IANA Considerations
This section specifies several RFC 5444 message types, message tlv-
types, and address tlv-types. Also, a new registry of 16-bit
alternate metric types is specified.
16.1. AODVv2 Message Types Specification
+----------------------------------------+------------+
| Name | Type (TBD) |
+----------------------------------------+------------+
| Route Request (RREQ) | 10 |
| Route Reply (RREP) | 11 |
| Route Error (RERR) | 12 |
| Route Reply Acknowledgement (RREP_ACK) | 13 |
+----------------------------------------+------------+
Table 8: AODVv2 Message Types
16.2. Message TLV Type Specification
+-----------------------------------+-------+---------+-------------+
| Name | Type | Length | Cross |
| | (TBD) | in | Reference |
| | | octets | |
+-----------------------------------+-------+---------+-------------+
| AckReq (Acknowledgment Request) | 10 | 0 | Section 6.2 |
| PktSource (Packet Source) | 11 | 4 or 16 | Section 9.3 |
| MetricType | 12 | 1 | Section 8.2 |
+-----------------------------------+-------+---------+-------------+
Table 9: Message TLV Types
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16.3. Address Block TLV Specification
+-----------------------------+--------+--------------+-------------+
| Name | Type | Length | Value |
| | (TBD) | | |
+-----------------------------+--------+--------------+-------------+
| Metric | 10 | depends on | Section 8.2 |
| | | Metric Type | |
| Sequence Number (SeqNum) | 11 | 2 octets | Section 8.2 |
| Originating Node Sequence | 12 | 2 octets | Section 8.2 |
| Number (OrigSeqNum) | | | |
| Target Node Sequence Number | 13 | 2 octets | Section 8.2 |
| (TargSeqNum) | | | |
| VALIDITY_TIME | 1 | 1 octet | [RFC5497] |
+-----------------------------+--------+--------------+-------------+
Table 10: Address Block TLV (AddrTLV) Types
16.4. Metric Type Number Allocation
Metric types are identified according to the assignments as specified
in [RFC6551]. The metric type of the Hop Count metric is assigned to
be 3, in order to maintain compatibility with that existing table of
values from RFC 6551. Non-addititve metrics are not supported in
this draft.
+-----------------------+----------+-------------+
| Name | Type | Metric Size |
+-----------------------+----------+-------------+
| Unallocated | 0 -- 2 | TBD |
| Hop Count | 3 - TBD | 1 octet |
| Unallocated | 4 -- 254 | TBD |
| Reserved | 255 | Undefined |
+-----------------------+----------+-------------+
Table 11: Metric Types
17. Security Considerations
The objective of the AODVv2 protocol is for each router to
communicate reachability information about addresses for which it is
responsible. Positive routing information (i.e. a route exists) is
distributed via RREQ and RREP messages. Negative routing information
(i.e. a route does not exist) is distributed via RERRs. AODVv2
routers store the information contained in these messages in order to
properly forward data packets, and they generally provide this
information to other AODVv2 routers.
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This section does not mandate any specific security measures.
Instead, this section describes various security considerations and
potential avenues to secure AODVv2 routing.
The most important security mechanisms for AODVv2 routing are
integrity/authentication and confidentiality.
In situations where routing information or router identity are
suspect, integrity and authentication techniques SHOULD be applied to
AODVv2 messages. In these situations, routing information that is
distributed over multiple hops SHOULD also verify the integrity and
identity of information based on originator of the routing
information.
A digital signature could be used to identify the source of AODVv2
messages and information, along with its authenticity. A nonce or
timestamp SHOULD also be used to protect against replay attacks. S/
MIME and OpenPGP are two authentication/integrity protocols that
could be adapted for this purpose.
In situations where confidentiality of AODVv2 messages is important,
cryptographic techniques can be applied.
In certain situations, for example sending a RREP or RERR, an AODVv2
router could include proof that it has previously received valid
routing information to reach the destination, at one point of time in
the past. In situations where routers are suspected of transmitting
maliciously erroneous information, the original routing information
along with its security credentials SHOULD be included.
Note that if multicast is used, any confidentiality and integrity
algorithms used MUST permit multiple receivers to handle the message.
Routing protocols, however, are prime targets for impersonation
attacks. In networks where the node membership is not known, it is
difficult to determine the occurrence of impersonation attacks, and
security prevention techniques are difficult at best. However, when
the network membership is known and there is a danger of such
attacks, AODVv2 messages must be protected by the use of
authentication techniques, such as those involving generation of
unforgeable and cryptographically strong message digests or digital
signatures. While AODVv2 does not place restrictions on the
authentication mechanism used for this purpose, IPsec Authentication
Message (AH) is an appropriate choice for cases where the nodes share
an appropriate security association that enables the use of AH.
In particular, routing messages SHOULD be authenticated to avoid
creation of spurious routes to a destination. Otherwise, an attacker
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could masquerade as that destination and maliciously deny service to
the destination and/or maliciously inspect and consume traffic
intended for delivery to the destination. RERR messages SHOULD be
authenticated in order to prevent malicious nodes from disrupting
routes between communicating nodes.
If the mobile nodes in the ad hoc network have pre-established
security associations, the purposes for which the security
associations are created should include that of authorizing the
processing of AODVv2 control packets. Given this understanding, the
mobile nodes should be able to use the same authentication mechanisms
based on their IP addresses as they would have used otherwise.
If the mobile nodes in the ad hoc network have pre-established
security associations, the purposes for which the security
associations Most AODVv2 messages are transmitted to the multicast
address LL-MANET-Routers [RFC5498]. It is therefore required for
security that AODVv2 neighbors exchange security information that can
be used to insert an ICV [RFC6621] into the AODVv2 message block
[RFC5444]. This enables hop-by-hop security. For destination-only
RREP discovery procedures, AODVv2 routers that share a security
association SHOULD use the appropriate mechanisms as specified in RFC
6621. The establishment of these security associations is out of
scope for this document.
18. Acknowledgments
AODVv2 is a descendant of the design of previous MANET on-demand
protocols, especially AODV [RFC3561] and DSR [RFC4728]. Changes to
previous MANET on-demand protocols stem from research and
implementation experiences. Thanks to Elizabeth Belding-Royer for
her long time authorship of AODV. Additional thanks to Derek Atkins,
Emmanuel Baccelli, Abdussalam Baryun, Ramon Caceres, Thomas Clausen,
Christopher Dearlove, Ulrich Herberg, Henner Jakob, Luke Klein-
Berndt, Lars Kristensen, Tronje Krop, Koojana Kuladinithi, Kedar
Namjoshi, Alexandru Petrescu, Henning Rogge, Fransisco Ros, Pedro
Ruiz, Christoph Sommer, Lotte Steenbrink, Romain Thouvenin, Richard
Trefler, Jiazi Yi, Seung Yi, and Cong Yuan, for their reviews AODVv2
and DYMO, as well as numerous specification suggestions.
19. References
19.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
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[RFC5082] Gill, V., Heasley, J., Meyer, D., Savola, P., and C.
Pignataro, "The Generalized TTL Security Mechanism
(GTSM)", RFC 5082, October 2007.
[RFC5444] Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih,
"Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message
Format", RFC 5444, February 2009.
[RFC5497] Clausen, T. and C. Dearlove, "Representing Multi-Value
Time in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)", RFC 5497, March
2009.
[RFC5498] Chakeres, I., "IANA Allocations for Mobile Ad Hoc Network
(MANET) Protocols", RFC 5498, March 2009.
[RFC6551] Vasseur, JP., Kim, M., Pister, K., Dejean, N., and D.
Barthel, "Routing Metrics Used for Path Calculation in
Low-Power and Lossy Networks", RFC 6551, March 2012.
19.2. Informative References
[I-D.perkins-irrep]
Perkins, C. and I. Chakeres, "Intermediate RREP for
dynamic MANET On-demand (AODVv2) Routing", draft-perkins-
irrep-02 (work in progress), November 2012.
[Perkins94]
Perkins, C. and P. Bhagwat, "Highly Dynamic Destination-
Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile
Computers", Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM '94 Conference
on Communications Architectures, Protocols and
Applications, London, UK, pp. 234-244, August 1994.
[Perkins99]
Perkins, C. and E. Royer, "Ad hoc On-Demand Distance
Vector (AODV) Routing", Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE
Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, New
Orleans, LA, pp. 90-100, February 1999.
[RFC2501] Corson, M. and J. Macker, "Mobile Ad hoc Networking
(MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and
Evaluation Considerations", RFC 2501, January 1999.
[RFC3561] Perkins, C., Belding-Royer, E., and S. Das, "Ad hoc On-
Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing", RFC 3561, July
2003.
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[RFC4193] Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
Addresses", RFC 4193, October 2005.
[RFC4728] Johnson, D., Hu, Y., and D. Maltz, "The Dynamic Source
Routing Protocol (DSR) for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks for
IPv4", RFC 4728, February 2007.
[RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
"Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
September 2007.
[RFC5148] Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., and B. Adamson, "Jitter
Considerations in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)", RFC
5148, February 2008.
[RFC6130] Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., and J. Dean, "Mobile Ad Hoc
Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)",
RFC 6130, April 2011.
[RFC6621] Macker, J., "Simplified Multicast Forwarding", RFC 6621,
May 2012.
Appendix A. Example Algorithms for AODVv2 Protocol Operations
The following subsections show example algorithms for protocol
operations required by AODVv2, including RREQ, RREP, RERR, and RREP-
ACK.
Processing for RREQ, RREP, and RERR messages follows the following
general outline:
1. Receive incoming message.
2. Update route table as appropriate.
3. Respond as needed, often regenerating the incoming message with
updated information.
Once the route table has been updated, the information contained
there is known to be the most recent available information for any
fields in the outgoing message. For this reason, the algorithms are
written as if outgoing message field values are assigned from the
route table information, even though it is often equally appropriate
to use fields from the incoming message.
AODVv2_algorithms:
o Process_Routing_Info
o Generate_RREQ
o Receive_RREQ
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o Regenerate_RREQ
o Generate_RREP
o Receive_RREP
o Regenerate_RREP
o Generate_RERR
o Receive_RERR
o Regenerate_RERR
o Generate_RREP_Ack
o Consume_RREP_Ack()
o Timeout RREP_Ack()
The following lists indicate the meaning of the field names used in
subsequent sections to describe message processing for the above
algorithms.
Incoming RREQ message parameters:
inRREQ.origIP := originator IP address
inRREQ.origSeq := originator IP sequence #
inRREQ.metType := metric type
inRREQ.origMet := metric to originator
inRREQ.targIP := target IP address
inRREQ.targSeq := target sequence # (if known)
inRREQ.hopLim := msg-hop-limit /* from RFC 5444 header */
inRREQ.nbrIP := IP address of the neighbor that sent the RREQ
Outgoing RREQ message parameters:
outRREQ.origIP := originator IP address
outRREQ.origSeq := originator IP sequence #
outRREQ.metType := metric type
outRREQ.origMet := metric to origNode {initially
MIN_METRIC[MetType]}
outRREQ.targIP := target IP address
outRREQ.targSeq := target sequence # (if known)
outRREQ.hopLim /* initially MAX_HOPCOUNT at originator */
Incoming RREP message parameters:
inRREP.hoplim /* msg-hop-limit from RFC 5444 header */
inRREP.origIP := originator's IP address
inRREP.metType := metric type
inRREP.targIP := target IP address
inRREP.targSeq := target sequence #
inRREP.targMet := target's metric {initially MIN_METRIC[MetType]}
inRREP.PfxLen
Outgoing RREP message parameters:
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outRREP.origIP := originator's IP address
outRREP.metType := metric type
outRREP.targIP := target IP address
outRREP.targSeq := target sequence #
outRREP.targMet := target's metric {starting with zero}
outRREP.PfxLen
outRREP.hopLim /* initially MAX_HOPCOUNT at originator */
Incoming RERR message parameters:
inRERR.PktSrc := source IP of unforwardable packet (if present)
inRERR.metType := metric type for routes to unreachable
destinations
inRERR.PfxLen[] := prefix lengths for unreachable destinations
inRERR.LostDest[] := unreachable destinations
inRERR.LostSeq[] := sequence #s for unreachable destinations
Outgoing RERR message parameters:
outRERR.PktSrc := source IP of unforwardable packet (if present)
outRERR.metType := metric type for routes to unreachable
destinations
outRERR.PfxLen[] := prefix lengths for unreachable destinations
outRERR.LostDest[] := unreachable destinations
outRERR.LostSeq[] := sequence #s for unreachable destinations
A.1. Subroutines for AODVv2 Protocol Operations
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/* Compare incoming route information to current route, maybe use */
Process_Routing_Info (dest, seq#, metric_type, metric,
last_hop_metric)
/* last_hop_metric: either Cost(inRREQ.netif) or (inRREP.netif) */
{
new_metric := metric + last_hop_metric;
rte := Fetch_Route_Table_Entry (dest, seq#, metric_type);
if (NULL == rte) {
rte := Create_Route_Table_Entry
(dest, seq#, metric_type, new_metric);
} else if (seq# > rte.seq#) { /* stale rte route entry */
Update_Route_Table_Entry (rte, seq#, metric_type, new_metric);
} else if (seq# < rte.seq#) { /* stale incoming route infor */
return(NULL);
} else if (rte.state == broken) { /* when (seq# == rte.seq#) */
Update_Route_Table_Entry (rte, seq#, metric_type, new_metric);
} else if (rte.metric > (new_metric) { /* and (seq# == rte.seq#) */
Update_Route_Table_Entry (rte, seq#, metric_type, new_metric);
} else { /* incoming route information is not useful */
return(NULL);
}
return (rte);
}
A.2. Example Algorithms for AODVv2 RREQ Operations
A.2.1. Generate_RREQ
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Generate_RREQ {
/* Marshall parameters */
outRREQ.origIP := IP address used by application
outRREQ.origSeq := originating router's sequence #
outRREQ.metType := (if included) metric type needed by application
outRREQ.origMet := 0 (default) or MIN_METRIC(Metric_type)
outRREQ.targIP := target IP address
outRREQ.targSeq := target sequence # /* if known from route table */
outRREQ.hopLim := msg-hop-limit /* RFC 5444 */
/* build RFC 5444 message header fields */
{
msg-type=RREQ (message is of type RREQ)
MF=4 (Message Flags = 4 [only msg-hop-limit field is present])
MAL=3 or 15 (Message Address Length [3 for IPv4, 15 for IPv6])
msg-size=NN (octets -- counting MsgHdr, AddrBlk, and AddrTLVs)
msg-hop-limit := MAX_HOPCOUNT
if (Metric_type == DEFAULT) {
msg.tlvs-length=0
} else { /* Metric_type != HopCount */
/* Build Metric_type Message TLV */
}
}
/* build AddrBlk */
num-addr := 2
AddrBlk := {outRREQ.origIP and outRREQ.targIP addresses}
/* Include each available Sequence Number in appropriate AddrTLV */
/* put outRREQ.origSeq in OrigSeqNum AddrTLV */
if (NULL != targSeq) {
/* put outRREQ.targSeq in TargSeqNum AddrTLV */
}
/* Build Metric AddrTLV containing OrigAddr metric */
/* use MIN_METRIC(metric type) [==0 for default metric type */
}
A.2.2. Receive_RREQ
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Receive_RREQ (inRREQ) {
/* Extract inRREQ values */
origRTE = Process_Routing_Info (inRREQ.origIP, inRREQ.origSeq, ...)
if (inRREQ.targIP belongs to me or my client subnet) {
Generate_RREP()
} else if (inRREQ present in RREQ_table) {
return; /* don't regenerate RREQ... */
} else if (inRREQ.nbrIP not present in blacklist) {
Regenerate_RREQ(origRTE, inRREQ)
} else if (blacklist_expiration_time > current_time) {
return; /* don't regenerate RREQ... */
} else {
Remove nbrIP from blacklist;
Regenerate_RREQ(origRTE, inRREQ)
}
}
A.2.3. Regenerate_RREQ
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Regenerate_RREQ (origRTE, inRREQ) { /* called from receive_RREQ() */
outRREQ.hopLim := inRREQ.hopLim - 1
if (outRREQ.hopLim == 0) { /* don't regenerate */
return()
}
/* Marshall parameters */
outRREQ.origIP := origRTE.origIP
outRREQ.origSeq := origRTE.origSeq
outRREQ.origMet := origRTE.origMet
outRREQ.metType := origRTE.metType
outRREQ.targIP := inRREQ.targIP
outRREQ.targSeq := inRREQ.targSeq /* if present */
/* build RFC 5444 message header fields */
{
msg-type=RREQ (message is of type RREQ)
MF=4 (Message Flags = 4 [only msg-hop-limit field is present])
MAL=3 or 15 (Message Address Length [3 for IPv4, 15 for IPv6])
msg-size=NN (octets -- counting MsgHdr, AddrBlk, and AddrTLVs)
msg-hop-limit := MAX_METRIC(Metric Type) (default, MAX_HOPCOUNT)
if (Metric_type == DEFAULT) {
msg.tlvs-length=0
} else { /* Metric_type != HopCount */
/* Build Metric_type Message TLV */
}
}
/* build AddrBlk */
num-addr := 2
AddrBlk := {outRREQ.origIP and outRREQ.targIP addresses}
/* Include each available Sequence Number in its proper AddrTLV */
/* put outRREQ.origSeq in OrigSeqNum AddrTLV */
if (NULL != targSeq) {
/* put outRREQ.targSeq in TargSeqNum AddrTLV */
}
/* Build Metric AddrTLV to contain outRREQ.origMet */
}
A.3. Example Algorithms for AODVv2 RREP Operations
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A.3.1. Generate_RREP
Generate_RREP {
/* Marshall parameters */
outRREP.origIP := origRTE.origIP
metric_type := origRTE.metType /* if not default */
if (DEFAULT != metric_type)
outRREP.metType := metric_type
outRREP.targIP := inRREQ.targIP
outRREP.targMet := MIN_METRIC(outRREP.metType) (0 by default)
my_sequence_# := (1 + my_sequence_#) /* from nonvolatile storage */
outRREP.targSeq := my_sequence_#
/* build RFC 5444 message header fields */
{
msg-type=RREP
MF=4 (Message Flags = 4 [only msg-hop-limit field is present])
MAL=3 or 15 (Message Address Length [3 for IPv4, 15 for IPv6])
msg-size=NN (octets -- counting MsgHdr, AddrBlk, and AddrTLVs)
msg-hop-limit := MAX_HOPCOUNT
/* Include the AckReq TLV when:
- previous RREP does not seem to enable any data flow, OR
- when RREQ is received from same OrigAddr after RREP was
unicast to targRTE.nextHop
*/
if (DEFAULT != metric_type) {
msg.tlvs-length=0
} else { /* Metric_type != HopCount */
/* Build Metric_type Message TLV */
}
}
/* build AddrBlk */
num-addr := 2
AddrBlk := {outRREQ.origIP and outRREQ.targIP addresses}
/* put outRREP.TargSeq in TargSeqNum AddrTLV */
/* Build Metric AddrTLV containing TargAddr metric */
/* use MIN_METRIC(origRTE.metType) */
}
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A.3.2. Receive_RREP
Receive_RREP (inRREP)
{
If (RREP includes AckReq data element) {
Generate_RREP_Ack()
}
/* Extract inRREP values */
targRTE := Process_Routing_Info (inRREP.targIP, inRREP.targSeq, ...)
if (inRREP.targIP belongs to me, a client, or a client subnet) {
Consume_RREP(inRREP)
} else {
Regenerate_RREP(targRTE, inRREP)
}
}
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A.3.3. Regenerate_RREP
Regenerate_RREP(targRTE, inRREP) {
outRREP.hopLim := inRREP.hopLim - 1
if (outRREP.hopLim == 0) { /* don't regenerate */
return()
}
/* Marshall parameters */
outRREP.targIP := targRTE.targIP
outRREP.targSeq := targRTE.targSeq
outRREP.targMet := targRTE.targMet
metric_type := origRTE.metType /* if not default */
if (DEFAULT != metric_type)
outRREP.metType := metric_type
outRREP.origIP := inRREP.origIP
outRREP.nextHop := targRTE.nextHop
/* build RFC 5444 message header fields */
{
msg-type=RREP (message is of type RREP)
MF=4 (Message Flags = 4 [only msg-hop-limit field is present])
MAL=3 or 15 (Message Address Length [3 for IPv4, 15 for IPv6])
msg-size=NN (octets -- counting MsgHdr, AddrBlk, and AddrTLVs)
/* Include the AckReq data element when:
- previous RREP does not seem to enable any data flow, OR
- when RREQ is received from same OrigAddr after RREP was
unicast to targRTE.nextHop
*/
msg-hop-limit := outRREP.hopLim;
if (metric_type == DEFAULT) {
msg.tlvs-length=0
} else { /* Metric_type != HopCount */
/* Build Metric_type Message TLV */
}
}
/* build AddrBlk */
num-addr := 2
AddrBlk := {outRREQ.origIP and outRREQ.targIP addresses}
/* put outRREP.targSeq in TargSeqNum AddrTLV */
/* Build Metric AddrTLV containing TargAddr metric */
}
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A.3.4. Consume_RREP
/* executed by RREQ_Gen */
/* TargAddr route table entry was updated by Receive_RREP() */
Consume_RREP() {
/* Transmit buffered packet(s) (if any) to TargAddr */
}
A.4. Example Algorithms for AODVv2 RERR Operations
A.4.1. Generate_RERR
Generate_RERR()
{
metric_type := DEFAULT;
switch (error_type) in {
case (broken_link):
num-broken-addr=0
/* find unreachable destinations, seqNums, prefixes */
for (every rte (route table entry) in route table) {
if (broken_link == rte.next_hop) {
rte.state := broken;
outRERR.LostDest[num-broken-addr] := rte.dest
outRERR.LostSeq[num-broken-addr] := rte.seq#
outRERR.PfxLen[num-broken-addr] := rte.pfx
metric_type := rte.metType
num-broken-addr := (num-broken-addr+1)
}
}
/* No offending-src for this case */
case (undeliverable packet):
offending-src := undeliverable_packet.srcIP
outRERR.LostDest[] := undeliverable_packet.destIP
outRERR.LostPfxSiz[] := MAX_PFX_SIZE /* 31 or 127 */
num-broken-addr=1
}
/* build RFC 5444 message header fields */
{
msg-type=RERR (message is of type RERR)
MF=4 (Message Flags = 4 [only msg-hop-limit field is present])
MAL=3 or 15 (Message Address Length [3 for IPv4, 15 for IPv6])
msg-size=NN (octets -- counting MsgHdr, AddrBlk, and AddrTLVs)
msg-hop-limit := outRERR.hopLim;
if (NULL != offending-src) {
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/* Build PktSource Message TLV */
}
if (metric_type != DEFAULT) { /* Metric_type != HopCount */
/* Build Metric_type Message TLV */
}
}
/* build AddrBlk */
num-addr := num-broken-addr;
AddrBlk := outRERR.LostDest[];
/* Add AddrBlk Seq# TLV */
Seq#TLV := outRERR.LostSeq[]
/* only add AddrBlk PfxSiz TLV if prefixes are nondefault */
for (pfx in outRERR.LostPfx[]) {
if (pfx != Max_Prefix_Size) { /* 31 for IPv4, 127 for IPv6 */
PfxSizTLV := outRERR.LostPfx[]
return;
}
}
}
A.4.2. Receive_RERR
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Receive_RERR (inERR)
{
/* Extract inERR values */
next_hop := inRERR.nbrIP
offending-src := inRERR.offending-src; /* NULL if not present */
precursors[] := NULL;
num-broken-addr := 0;
in-broken-addr := 0;
for (IPaddr := inRERR.LostDest[in-broken-addr]) {
rte := Fetch_Route_Table_Entry (dest, metric_type);
if (NULL == rte) {
continue;
} else if (rte.nextHop != inRERR.fromIP) {
continue;
} else if (NULL != rte.precursors) {
/* add rte.precursors to precursors */
} else if (rte.PfxSiz < inRERR.PfxSiz) {
/***********************************************************
If the reported prefix from the incoming RERR is *longer*
than the prefix from Route Table, then create a new route
with the longer prefix.
The newly created route will be marked as broken, and used
to regenerate RERR, NOT using shorter the routing prefix.
This avoids unnecessarily invalidating the larger subnet.
**********************************************************/
rte := Create_Route_Table_Entry (IPaddr, seq#,
metric_type, new_metric, inRERR.PfxSiz);
}
LostDest[num-broken-addr] := rte.Dest;
Seq#[num-broken-addr] := rte.Seq#;
PfxSiz[num-broken-addr] := rte.PfxSiz;
rte.state = broken;
num-broken-addr := (num-broken-addr + 1);
in-broken-addr := (in-broken-addr + 1);
}
if (num-broken-addr > 0) {
Regenerate_RERR (offending-src, precursors,
LostDest[], Seq#[], PfxSiz[])
}
}
A.4.3. Regenerate_RERR
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Regenerate_RERR (offending-src, precursors,
LostDest[], LostSeq#[], PfxSiz[])
{
/* build RFC 5444 message header fields */
{
msg-type=RERR (message is of type RERR)
MF=4 (Message Flags = 4 [only msg-hop-limit field is present])
MAL=3 or 15 (Message Address Length [3 for IPv4, 15 for IPv6])
msg-size=NN (octets -- counting MsgHdr, AddrBlk, and AddrTLVs)
outRERR.hopLim := inRERR.hopLim - 1
msg-hop-limit := outRERR.hopLim;
if (NULL != offending-src) {
/* Build PktSource Message TLV */
}
if (metric_type != DEFAULT) { /* Metric_type != HopCount */
/* Build Metric_type Message TLV */
}
}
/* build AddrBlk */
num-addr := num-broken-addr;
AddrBlk := LostDest[];
/* Add AddrBlk Seq# TLV */
Seq#TLV := LostSeq[]
/* only add AddrBlk PfxSiz TLV if prefixes are nondefault */
for (pfx in PfxSiz[]) {
if (pfx != Max_Prefix_Size) { /* 31 for IPv4, 127 for IPv6 */
PfxSizTLV := PfxSiz[]
}
} /* If all are default, don't include PfxSize AddrTLV */
if (#precursors == 1) {
unicast RERR to precursor[0];
} else if (#precursors > 1) {
multicast RERR to RERR_PRECURSORS;
} else if (offending-src != NULL) {
unicast RERR to offending-src;
} else {
multicast RERR to RERR_PRECURSORS;
}
}
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A.5. Example Algorithms for AODVv2 RREP-Ack Operations
A.5.1. Generate_RREP_Ack
/* To be sent when RREP includes the AckReq TLV */
Generate_RREP_Ack()
{
/* assign RFC 5444 fields */
msgtype := RREPAck
MF := 0
MAL := 3
msg-size := 4
}
A.5.2. Consume_RREP_Ack
Consume_RREP_Ack()
{
/* turn off timeout event for the node sending RREP_Ack */
}
A.5.3. Timeout_RREP_Ack
Timeout_RREP_Ack()
{
/* insert unresponsive node into blacklist */
}
Appendix B. Example RFC 5444-compliant packet formats
The following subsections show example RFC 5444-compliant packets for
AODVv2 message types RREQ, RREP, RERR, and RREP-Ack. These proposed
message formats are designed based on expected savings from IPv6
addressable MANET nodes, and a layout for the Address TLVs that may
be viewed as natural, even if perhaps not the absolute most compact
possible encoding.
For RteMsgs, the msg-hdr fields are followed by at least one and
optionally two Address Blocks. The first AddrBlk contains OrigAddr
and TargAddr. For each AddrBlk, there must be AddrTLVs of type
Metric and one of the SeqNum types (i.e, OrigSeqNum, TargSeqNum, or
Seqnum).
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There is no Metric Type Message TLV present, so the Metric AddrTLV
measures HopCount. The Metric AddrTLV also provides a way for the
AODV router generating the RREQ or RREP to supply an initial nonzero
cost for the route to its client node (OrigAddr or TargAddr, for RREQ
or RREP respectively).
In all cases, the length of an address (32 bits for IPv4 and 128 bits
for IPv6) inside an AODVv2 message is indicated by the msg-addr-
length (MAL) in the msg-header, as specified in [RFC5444].
The RFC 5444 header preceding AODVv2 messages in this document has
the format illustrated in Figure 4.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| PV=0 | PF=0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 4: RFC 5444 Packet Header
The fields in Figure 4 are to be interpreted as follows:
o PV=0 (Packet Header Version = 0)
o PF=0 (Packet Flags = 0)
B.1. RREQ Message Format
Figure 5 illustrates an example RREQ message format.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| msg-type=RREQ | MF=4 | MAL=3 | msg-size=28 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| msg-hop-limit | msg.tlvs-length=0 | num-addr=2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1|0|0|0|0| Rsv | head-length=3 | Head (bytes for Orig & Target):
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
:Head(Orig&Targ)| Orig.Mid | Target.Mid |addr.TLV.len=11:
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
:addr.TLV.len=11|type=OrigSeqNum|0|1|0|1|0|0|Rsv| Index-start=0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| tlv-length=2 | Orig.Node Sequence # | type=Metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0|1|0|1|0|0|Rsv| Index-start=0 | tlv-length=1 | OrigAddrHopCt |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 5: Example IPv4 RREQ, with OrigSeqNum and Metric AddrTLVs
The fields in Figure 5 are to be interpreted as follows:
o msg-type=RREQ (first [and only] message is of type RREQ)
o MF=4 (Message Flags = 4 [only msg-hop-limit field is present])
o MAL=3 (Message Address Length indicator [3 for IPv4, 15 for IPv6])
o msg-size=28 (octets -- counting MsgHdr, MsgTLVs, and AddrBlks)
o msg-hop-limit (initially MAX_HOPCOUNT by default)
o msg.tlvs-length=0 (no Message TLVs)
o num-addr=2 (OrigAddr and TargAddr in RteMsg AddrBlock)
o AddrBlk flags:
* bit 0 (ahashead): 1
* bit 1 (ahasfulltail): 0
* bit 2 (ahaszerotail): 0
* bit 3 (ahassingleprelen): 0
* bit 4 (ahasmultiprelen): 0
* bits 5-7: RESERVED
o head-length=3 (length of head part of each address is 3 octets)
o Head (3 initial bytes for both Originating & Target addresses)
o Orig.Mid (4th byte of Originating Address)
o Target.Mid (4th byte of Target Address)
o addr.TLV.len = 11 (length in bytes for OrigSeqNum and Metric TLVs
o type=OrigSeqNum (type of first AddrBlk TLV, value 2 octets)
o AddrTLV flags for the OrigSeqNum TLV:
* bit 0 (thastypeext): 0
* bit 1 (thassingleindex): 1
* bit 2 (thasmultiindex): 0
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* bit 3 (thasvalue): 1
* bit 4 (thasextlen): 0
* bit 5 (tismultivalue): 0
* bits 6-7: RESERVED
o Index-start=0 (OrigSeqNum TLV value applies at index 0)
o tlv-length=2 (so there is only one TLV value, [1 = 2/2])
o Orig.Node Sequence # (TLV value for the OrigSeqNum TLV
o type=Metric (AddrTLV type of second AddrBlk TLV, values 1 octet)
o AddrTLV flags for Metric_TLV:
* bit 0 (thastypeext): 0
* bit 1 (thassingleindex): 1
* bit 2 (thasmultiindex): 0
* bit 3 (thasvalue): 1
* bit 4 (thasextlen): 0
* bit 5 (tismultivalue): 0
* bits 6-7: RESERVED
o Index-start=0 (Metric TLV values start at index 0)
o tlv-length=1 (so there is only one TLV value, [1 = 1/1])
o OrigAddrHopCt (first [and only] TLV value for the Metric TLV)
B.2. RREP Message Format
Figure 6 illustrates a packet format for an example RREP message.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| msg-type=RREP | MF=4 | MAL=3 | msg-size=28 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| msg-hop-limit | msg.tlvs-length=0 | num-addr=2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1|0|0|0|0| Rsv | head-length=3 | Head (bytes for Orig & Target):
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
:Head(Orig&Targ)| Orig.Mid | Target.Mid |addr.TLV.len=11:
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
:addr.TLV.len=11|type=TargSeqNum|0|1|0|1|0|0|Rsv| Index-start=1 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| tlv-length=2 | Targ.Node Sequence # | type=Metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0|1|0|1|0|0|Rsv| Index-start=1 | tlv-length=1 | TargAddrHopCt |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 6: Example IPv4 RREP, with TargSeqNum TLV and 1 Metric
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The fields in Figure 6 are to be interpreted as follows:
o msg-type=RREP (first [and only] message is of type RREP)
o MF=4 (Message Flags = 4 [only msg-hop-limit field is present])
o MAL=3 (Message Address Length indicator [3 for IPv4, 15 for IPv6])
o msg-size=28 (octets -- counting MsgHdr, MsgTLVs, and AddrBlks)
o msg-hop-limit (initially MAX_HOPCOUNT by default)
o msg.tlvs-length=0 (no Message TLVs)
o num-addr=2 (OrigAddr and TargAddr in RteMsg AddrBlock)
o AddrBlk flags:
* bit 0 (ahashead): 1
* bit 1 (ahasfulltail): 0
* bit 2 (ahaszerotail): 0
* bit 3 (ahassingleprelen): 0
* bit 4 (ahasmultiprelen): 0
* bits 5-7: RESERVED
o head-length=3 (length of head part of each address is 3 octets)
o Head (3 initial bytes for both Originating & Target addresses)
o Orig.Mid (4th byte of Originating Address)
o Target.Mid (4th byte of Target Address)
o addr.TLV.len = 11 (length in bytes for TargSeqNum TLV and Metric
TLV
o type=TargSeqNum (type of first AddrBlk TLV, value 2 octets)
o AddrTLV flags for the TargSeqNum TLV:
* bit 0 (thastypeext): 0
* bit 1 (thassingleindex): 1
* bit 2 (thasmultiindex): 0
* bit 3 (thasvalue): 1
* bit 4 (thasextlen): 0
* bit 5 (tismultivalue): 0
* bits 6-7: RESERVED
o Index-start=1 (TargSeqNum TLV value applies to address at index 1)
o tlv-length=2 (there is one TLV value, 2 bytes in length)
o Targ.Node Sequence # (value for the TargSeqNum TLV)
o type=Metric (AddrTLV type of second AddrBlk TLV, value 1 octet)
o AddrTLV flags for the Metric TLV [01010000, same as for TargSeqNum
TLV]
o Index-start=1 (Metric TLV values start at index 1)
o tlv-length=1 (there is one TLV value, 1 byte in length)
o TargAddrHopCt (first [and only] TLV value for Metric TLV)
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B.3. RERR Message Format
Figure 7 illustrates an example RERR message format.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| msg-type=RERR | MF=4 | MAL=3 | msg-size=24 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| msg-hop-limit | msg.tlvs-length=0 | num-addr=2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1|0|0|0|0| Rsv | head-length=3 | Head (for both destinations) :
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
:Head (3rd byte)| Mid (Dest_1) | Mid (Dest_2) | addr.TLV.len=7:
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
:addr.TLV.len=7 | type=SeqNum |0|0|1|1|0|1|Rsv| tlv-length=4 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Dest_1 Sequence # | Dest_2 Sequence # |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 7: Example IPv4 RERR with Two Unreachable Addresses
The fields in Figure 7 are to be interpreted as follows:
o msg-type=RERR (first [and only] message is of type RERR)
o MF=4 (Message Flags = 4 [only msg-hop-limit field is present])
o MAL=3 (Message Address Length indicator [3 for IPv4, 15 for IPv6])
o msg-size=24 (octets -- counting MsgHdr, MsgTLVs, and AddrBlks)
o msg-hop-limit (initially MAX_HOPCOUNT by default)
o msg.tlvs-length=0 (no Message TLVs)
o num-addr=2 (OrigAddr and TargAddr in RteMsg AddrBlock)
o AddrBlk flags == 10000000 [same as RREQ and RREP AddrBlk examples]
o head-length=3 (length of head part of each address is 3 octets)
o Head (3 initial bytes for both Unreachable Addresses, Dest_1 and
Dest_2)
o Dest_1.Mid (4th byte of Dest_1 IP address)
o Dest_2.Mid (4th byte of Dest_2 IP address)
o addr.TLV.len = 7 (length in bytes for SeqNum TLV
o type=SeqNum (AddrTLV type of AddrBlk TLV, values 2 octets each)
o AddrTLV flags for SeqNum TLV:
* bit 0 (thastypeext): 0
* bit 1 (thassingleindex): 0
* bit 2 (thasmultiindex): 1
* bit 3 (thasvalue): 1
* bit 4 (thasextlen): 0
* bit 5 (tismultivalue): 1
* bits 6-7: RESERVED
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o tlv-length=4 (so there are two TLV values, [2 = 4/2])
o Dest_1 Sequence # (first of two TLV values for the SeqNum TLV)
o Dest_2 Sequence # (second of two TLV values for the SeqNum TLV)
B.4. RREP_ACK Message Format
The figure below illustrates a packet format for an example RREP_ACK
message.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|msgtype=RREPAck| MF=0 | MAL=3 | msg-size=4 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 8: Example IPv4 RREP_ACK
Appendix C. Changes since revision ...-05.txt
This section lists the changes since AODVv2 revision ...-05.txt
o Added Lotte Steenbrink as co-author.
o Reorganized section on Metrics to improve readability by putting
specific topics into subsections.
o Introduced concept of data element, which is used to clarify the
method of enabling RFC 5444 representation for AODVv2 data
elements. A list of Data Elements was introduced in section 3,
which provides a better understanding of their role than was
previously supplied by the table of notational devices.
o Replaced instances of OrigNode by OrigAddr whenever the more
specific meaning is appropriate. Similarly for instances of other
node versus address terminology.
o Introduced concepts of PrefixLengthList and MetricList in order to
avoid use of index-based terminology such as OrigNdx and TargNdx.
o Added section 5, "AODVv2 Message Transmission", describing the
intended interface to RFC 5444.
o Included within the main body of the specification the mandatory
setting of the TLV flag thassingleindex for TLVs OrigSeqNum and
TargSeqNum.
o Removed the Route.Timed state. Created a new flag for route table
entries known as Route.Timed. This flag can be set when the route
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is in the active state. Previous description would require that
the route table entry be in two states at the same time, which
seems to be misleading. The new flag is used to clarify other
specification details for Timed routes.
o Created table 3 to show the correspondence between AODVv2 data
elements and RFC 5444 message components.
o Replaced "invalid" terminology by the more specific terms "broken"
or "expired" where appropriate.
o Eliminated the instance of duplicate specification for inclusion
of OrigNode (now, OrigAddr) in the message.
o Corrected the terminology to be Mid instead of Tail for the
trailing address bits of OrigAddr and TargAddr for the example
message formats in the appendices.
o Repaired remaining instances of phraseology that could be
construed as indicating that AODV only supports a single network
interface.
o Numerous editorial improvements and clarifications.
Appendix D. Changes since revision ...-04.txt
This section lists the changes since AODVv2 revision ...-04.txt
o Normative text moved out of definitions into the relevant section
of the body of the specification.
o Editorial improvements and improvements to consistent terminology
were made. Replaced "retransmit" by the slightly more accurate
term "regenerate".
o Issues were resolved as discussed on the mailing list.
o Changed definition of LoopFree as suggested by Kedar Namjoshi and
Richard Trefler to avoid the failure condition that they have
described. In order to make understanding easier, replaced
abstract parameters R1 by RteMsg and R2 by Route to reduce the
level of abstraction when the function LoopFree is discussed.
o Added text to clarify that different metrics may have different
data types and different ranges of acceptable values.
o Added text to section "RteMsg Structure" to emphasize the proper
use of RFC 5444.
o Included within the main body of the specification the mandatory
setting of the TLV flag thassingleindex for TLVs OrigSeqNum and
TargSeqNum.
o Made more extensive use of the AdvRte terminology, in order to
better distinguish between the incoming RREQ or RREP message
(i.e., RteMsg) versus the route advertised by the RteMsg (i.e.,
AdvRte).
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Appendix E. Changes since revision ...-03.txt
This section lists the changes since AODVv2 revision ...-03.txt
o An appendix was added to exhibit algorithmic code for
implementation of AODVv2 functions.
o Numerous editorial improvements and improvements to consistent
terminology were made. Terminology related to prefix lengths was
made consistent. Some items listed in "Notational Conventions"
were no longer used, and so deleted.
o Issues were resolved as discussed on the mailing list.
o Appropriate instances of "may" were changed to "MAY".
o Definition inserted for "upstream".
o Route.Precursors included as an *optional* route table field
o Reworded text to avoid use of "relevant".
o Deleted references to "DestOnly" flag.
o Refined statements about Metric Type TLV to allow for omission
when Metric Type == HopCount.
o Bulletized list in section 8.1
o ENABLE_IDLE_UNREACHABLE renamed to be ENABLE_IDLE_IN_RERR
o Transmission and subscription to LL-MANET-Routers converted to
MUST from SHOULD.
Appendix F. Changes since revision ...-02.txt
This section lists the changes since AODVv2 revision ...-02.txt
o The "Added Node" feature was removed. This feature was intended
to enable additional routing information to be carried within a
RREQ or a RREP message, thus increasing the amount of topological
information available to nodes along a routing path. However,
enlarging the packet size to include information which might never
be used can increase congestion of the wireless medium. The
feature can be included as an optional feature at a later date
when better algorithms are understood for determining when the
inclusion of additional routing information might be worthwhile.
o Numerous editorial improvements and improvements to consistent
terminology were made. Instances of OrigNodeNdx and TargNodeNdx
were replaced by OrigNdx and TargNdx, to be consistent with the
terminology shown in Table 2.
o Example RREQ and RREP message formats shown in the Appendices were
changed to use OrigSeqNum and TargSeqNum message TLVs instead of
using the SeqNum message TLV.
o Inclusion of the OrigNode's SeqNum in the RREP message is not
specified. The processing rules for the OrigNode's SeqNum were
incompletely specified in previous versions of the draft, and very
little benefit is foreseen for including that information, since
reverse path forwarding is used for the RREP.
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o Additional acknowledgements were included, and contributors names
were alphabetized.
o Definitions in the Terminology section capitalize the term to be
defined.
o Uncited bibliographic entries deleted.
o Ancient "Changes" sections were deleted.
Appendix G. Multi-homing Considerations
Multi-homing is not supported by the AODVv2 specification. There has
been previous work indicating that it can be supported by expanding
the sequence number to include the AODVv2 router's IP address as a
parsable field of the SeqNum. Otherwise, comparing sequence numbers
would not work to evaluate freshness. Even when the IP address is
included, there isn't a good way to compare sequence numbers from
different IP addresses, but at least a handling node can determine
whether the two given sequence numbers are comparable. If the route
table can store multiple routes for the same destination, then multi-
homing can work with sequence numbers augmented by IP addresses.
This non-normative information is provided simply to document the
results of previous efforts to enable multi-homing. The intention is
to simplify the task of future specification if multihoming becomes
needed for reactive protocol operation.
Appendix H. Shifting Network Prefix Advertisement Between AODVv2
Routers
Only one AODVv2 router within a MANET SHOULD be responsible for a
particular address at any time. If two AODVv2 routers dynamically
shift the advertisement of a network prefix, correct AODVv2 routing
behavior must be observed. The AODVv2 router adding the new network
prefix must wait for any existing routing information about this
network prefix to be purged from the network. Therefore, it must
wait at least ROUTER_SEQNUM_AGE_MAX_TIMEOUT after the previous AODVv2
router for this address stopped advertising routing information on
its behalf.
Authors' Addresses
Charles E. Perkins
Futurewei Inc.
2330 Central Expressway
Santa Clara, CA 95050
USA
Phone: +1-408-330-4586
Email: charliep@computer.org
Perkins, et al. Expires July 3, 2015 [Page 68]
Internet-Draft AODVv2 December 2014
Stan Ratliff
Idirect
13861 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 300
Herndon, VA 20171
USA
Email: ratliffstan@gmail.com
John Dowdell
Airbus Defence and Space
Celtic Springs
Newport, Wales NP10 8FZ
United Kingdom
Email: john.dowdell486@gmail.com
Lotte Steenbrink
HAW Hamburg, Dept. Informatik
Berliner Tor 7
D-20099 Hamburg
Germany
Email: lotte.steenbrink@haw-hamburg.de
Perkins, et al. Expires July 3, 2015 [Page 69]
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