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Tsunemasa Hayashi, NTT
Internet Draft Haixiang He, Nortel
Document:draft-ietf-mboned-maccnt-req-04.txt Hiroaki Satou, NTT
Expires: August 12, 2006 Hiroshi Ohta, NTT
Susheela Vaidya, Cisco Systems
February 8, 2006
Requirements for Accounting, Authentication and Authorization in
Well Managed IP Multicasting Services
<draft-ietf-mboned-maccnt-req-04.txt>
Status of this Memo
By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any
applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware
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This Internet-Draft will expire on August 12, 2006.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006)
Abstract
This memo presents requirements in the area of accounting and
access control for multicasting. General requirements for
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accounting capabilities including quality-of-service (QoS) related
issues are listed. Finally, cases for Content Delivery Services
(CDS) are described as application examples which could benefit
from multicasting accounting and access control capabilities as
described in the I-D. It is proposed that this I-D be used as a
starting point for further discussion on these issues.
Table of Contents
Copyright Notice..................................................1
1. Introduction...................................................2
2. Definitions and Abbreviations..................................4
2.1 Definitions...................................................4
2.2 Abbreviations.................................................4
3. Problem Statement..............................................5
3.1 Accounting Issues............................................5
3.2 Relationship with Secure Multicasting (MSEC).................7
3.3 Regarding Access Media and User Separation...................7
4. General AAA-related Functional Requirements for IP Multicast...7
5. Application Example and its Specific Requirements.............13
5.1 IP Multicast-based Content Delivery Service (CDS): CP and NSP
are different entities (companies)...............................13
5.1.1 Network Model for Multicast Content Delivery Service.......13
5.1.2 Content Delivery Service Requirements......................15
5.1.2.1 Accounting Requirements..................................15
5.1.2.2 Authorization Requirements...............................16
5.1.2.3 Authentication Requirements..............................17
5.2 IP Multicast-based Content Delivery Service (CDS): CP and NSP
are the same entities (companies)................................17
6. Acknowledgments...............................................18
7. IANA Considerations...........................................19
8. Security Considerations.......................................19
9. Conclusion....................................................19
Normative References.............................................19
Authors' Addresses...............................................20
Full Copyright Statement.........................................21
Intellectual Property............................................21
1. Introduction
This I-D will present general functional requirements related to
accounting, authentication and authorization issues in IP
multicasting networks. A multicast network which fulfills all of
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these requirements will be called a "fully AAA enabled" IP
multicasting network. Fulfillment of all or some of the
requirements will make possible more robust management of IP
multicasting networks, and as such these capabilities contribute
to the provision of well-managed IP multicasting services.
IP multicasting is becoming widely used as a method to save
network resources such as bandwidth or CPU processing power of the
sender's server for cases where a large volume of information
needs to be distributed to a large number of receivers. This trend
can be observed both in enterprise use and in broadband services
provided by network operator/service providers.
Distance learning within a university and in-house (in-company)
sharing of multimedia information are examples of enterprise use.
In these examples, sources generate high-bit rate (e.g., 6Mbit/s)
streaming information. When the number of receivers becomes large,
such systems do not scale well without multicasting.
On the other hand, a Content Delivery Service (CDS) is an example
of a broadband service provided by network operators/service
providers. Distribution of movies and other video programs to each
user are typical services. Each channel requires large bandwidth
(e.g., 6Mbit/s) and operator/service providers need to provide
many channels to make their service attractive. In addition, the
number of receivers is large (e.g., more than a few thousands).
The system to provide this service does not scale well without
multicasting.
As such, multicasting can be useful to make the network more
scalable when a large volume of information needs to be
distributed to a large number of receivers. However, multicasting
according to current standards (e.g., IGMPv3[1] and MLDv2[2]) has
drawbacks compared to unicasting when one applies it to commercial
services. Accounting of each user's actions is not possible with
multicasting as it is with unicasting. Accounting consists of
grasping each user's behavior, when she/he starts/stops to receive
a channel, which channel she/he receives, etc.
IP multicasting can be used to distribute free material
efficiently, but there are limitations to multicasting in usage
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models where usage accounting is necessary, such as many
commercial applications. These limitations have prevented the
widespread deployment of multicasting. Alternatively, one could
develop and use a proprietary solution to address this issue.
However, non-standard solutions have drawbacks in terms of
interoperability or cost of development and maintenance.
Without accounting capability in multicasting, information
providers desiring accounting capability are forced to use
unicasting even when multicasting would otherwise be desirable
from a bandwidth/server resource perspective. If multicasting
could be used with user-based accounting capabilities, its
applicability would be greatly widened.
This I-D first describes problems on accounting issues in
multicasting. Then the general requirements for this capability
including QoS related issues are listed. Finally, application
examples which could benefit from multicasting with accounting
capabilities are shown. It is proposed that this I-D be used as a
starting point for a discussion on these issues.
2. Definitions and Abbreviations
2.1 Definitions
Authentication: action for identifying a user as a genuine one.
Authorization: action for giving permission for a user to access
content or the network.
Eligible user: Users may be eligible (permitted) to access
resources because of the attributes they have (e.g., delivery may
require possession of the correct password or digital certificate),
their equipment has (e.g., content may only be eligible to players
that can decode H.264 or 3GPP streams), their edge network has
(e.g., HD content may only be eligible to users with 10 Mbps or
faster edge connections), or because of where they are in network
topology (e.g., HD content may not be eligible for users across
congested links) or in actual geography (e.g., content may only be
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licensed for distribution to certain countries), and, of course, a
mix of attributes may be required for eligibility or ineligibility.
User-based accounting: actions for grasping each user's behavior,
when she/he starts/stops to receive a channel, which channel
she/he receives, etc.
2.2 Abbreviations
ASM: Any-Source Multicast
CDS: Content Delivery Service
CP: Content Provider
IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol
MLD: Multicast Listener Discovery
NSP: Network Service Provider
SSM: Single-Source Multicast
QoS: Quality of Service
3. Problem Statement
3.1 Accounting Issues
In unicast communications, the server (information source) can
identify the client (information receiver) and only permits
connection by an eligible client when this type of access control
is necessary. In addition, when necessary, the server can grasp
what the client is doing (e.g., connecting to the server, starting
reception, what information the client is receiving, terminating
reception, disconnecting from the server).
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On the other hand, in multicast communication with current
standards (e.g., IGMPv3[1] or MLDv2[2]) the server just feeds its
information to the multicast router [as in Fig.1]. Then, the
multicast router replicates the data to any link which has at
least one client requesting the information. In this process, no
eligibility check is conducted. Any client can receive information
just by requesting it. In other words, the current standards do
not provide multicasting with authorization or access control
capabilities sufficient to meet the requirements of accounting.
+--------+
| user |\
+--------+ \
\+------+ +------+ +------+ +------+
+--------+ |Multi-| |Multi-| |Multi-| | |
| user |---|cast |----|cast |----|cast |----|Server|
+--------+ |router| |router| |router| | |
/+------+ +------+ +------+ +------+
+--------+ /
| user |/
+--------+
Fig.1 Example network for multicast communication
This is the major reason why multicasting is only used for cases
where no user-based accounting capabilities are necessary.
However, since more and more information is transferred over IP-
based networks and some of these applications may require
accounting capabilities, it is easy to envision the requirement of
supporting such cases. For example, accounting is needed if one
wants to charge for distributed information on a non-flat-fee
basis. If the volume of information and number of clients are
large, it is beneficial to use multicasting for purposes of
network resource efficiency.
As such, the same level of user-based accounting capabilities as
provided in unicast networks should be provided in multicast
networks.
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3.2 Relationship with Secure Multicasting (MSEC)
In many cases, content encryption (e.g. MSEC) is an effective
method for preventing unauthorized access to original content (in
other words, the ability to decode data to return it to its
generally usable form.) This I-D presents requirements for
multicasting networks in the areas of 1) access control to prevent
unauthorized access to the network, and 2) accounting to grasp
user activity. The functional requirements do not require content
encryption although it might solve some of the related problems.
At this point, it is not yet clear whether encryption would be
part of a solution and if so, what other components (if any) would
also be required.
3.3 Regarding Access Media and User Separation
The requirements defined in this memo apply to solutions that
provide user separation either through physical separation
provided by dedicated access media between the user and multicast
router (see Fig. 1) or else through logical separation in cases
of shared physical access media (e.g. using VLAN). However, IP
multicast solutions with shared Layer 2 access media between the
user and multicast router and no logical user separation (e.g.
Ethernet with shared links and no VLAN) are out of scope of this
memo. Nevertheless, some of the requirements in this memo defined
for multicasting may also be relevant to multicasting over links
without either physical or logical user separation. Therefore in
the interest of modularity and flexibility, solutions addressing
the requirements of this memo may also take into account
application to multicasting without such user separation.
4. General AAA-related Functional Requirements for IP Multicasting
In consideration of the issues presented in section 3, the
following requirements have been derived:
(1) User identification
The network should be able to identify each user when they attempt
to access the service so that necessary access controlling actions
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can be applied. Also, it is necessary to identify the source
(user) of each request (e.g., join/leave) for user accounting
purposes.
With current protocols (IGMP/MLD), the sender cannot distinguish
which receivers (end hosts) are actually receiving the information.
The sender must rely on the information from the multicasting
routers. This can be complicated if the sender and routers are
maintained by different entities.
(2) Issue of Network Resource Protection
In order to guarantee certain QoS it is important for network
providers to be able to protect their network resources from being
wasted, (either maliciously or accidentally).
For comparisons sake, in the case of unicast this issue can be
resolved e.g. by using RSVP.
(2.1) Access control
The network should be able to apply necessary access controlling
actions when an eligible user requests an action (such as a join
or a leave.) The network should be able to reject any action
requested from an ineligible user.
(2.2) Control mechanism to support bandwidth of multicast stream
from a physical port of edge router or switch
The network may need to control the combined bandwidth for all
groups at the physical port of the edge router or switch so that
these given physical entities are not overflowed with traffic.
(2.3) Control mechanism of number of groups delivered from a
physical port of edge router and switch
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If an NSP desires to guarantee a certain level of QoS to CP and
the receivers, it is necessary that the NSP be able to control the
number of groups delivered from a physical port of an edge router
and a switch so that the combined bandwidth between content
servers and multicast routers can be within the limit.
For comparisons sake, in the case of unicast this issue can be
resolved e.g. by using RSVP.
(3) User Authentication
The network should be able to authenticate a user.
(4) User Authorization
The network, at its option, should be able to authorize a user's
access to content or a multicast group, so as to meet any demands
by a CP to prevent content access by ineligible users. In the case
that the NSP may wish to provide a service based on guaranteed
delivery, the NSP would not want to waste its network resources on
ineligible users.
(5) Accounting and Billing
In many commercial multicast situations, NSPs would like to be
able to precisely grasp network resource consumption and CPs would
like to be able to precisely grasp the content consumption by end-
users. Such information might be used for identifying highly
viewed content for advertising revenue, ratings calculations,
programming decisions, etc., as well as billing and auditing
purposes. Also content and network providers may wish to provide
users with access to their usage history.
To assemble such an understanding of end-user behavior, it is
necessary to precisely log information such as who (host/user) is
accessing what content at what time (join action) until what time
(leave action). The result of the access-control decision (e.g.
results of authorization) would also be valuable information. The
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desired degree of logging precisions would depend on the
application used.
(5.1) How to share user information
For commercial multicast applications it is important for NSP and
CP to be able to share information regarding user's behaviour (as
described in (5) in standardized ways.
(6) Notification to Users of the Result of the Join Request
It should be possible to provide information to the user about the
status of his/her join request(granted/denied/other).
(7) Service and Terminal Portability
Depending on the service, networks should allow for a user to
receive a service from different places and/or with a different
terminal device.
(8) Support of ASM and SSM
Both ASM (G), and SSM (S,G) should be supported as multicast
models.
(9) Admission Control for Join Action
In order to maintain a predefined QoS level, depending on the
NSP's policy, an edge router should be able to control the number
of streams it serves to a user, and total bandwidth consumed to
that user. For example if the number of streams being served to a
certain user has reached the limit defined by the NSP's policy,
then the edge router should not accept a subsequent "join" until
one of the existing streams is terminated. Similarly, if the NSP
is controlling by per-user bandwidth consumption, then a
subsequent "join" should not be accepted if delivery of the
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requested stream would push the consumed bandwidth over the NSP
policy-defined limit.
(10) Channel Join Latency and Leave Latency
Commercial implementations of IP multicasting are likely to have
strict requirements in terms of user experience. Join latency is
the time between when a user sends a "join" request and when the
requested data streaming first reaches the user. Leave latency is
the time between when a user sends a "leave" signal and when the
network stops streaming to the user.
Leave and Join latencies impact the acceptable end-user experience
for fast channel surfing. In an IP-TV application, users are not
going to be receptive to a slow response time when changing
channels. If there are policies for controlling the number of
simultaneous streams a user may access then channel surfing will
be determined by the join and leave latencies.
Furthermore, leave affects resource consumption: with a low "leave
latency" network providers could minimize streaming content when
there are no audiences.
It is important that any overhead for authentication,
authorization, and access-control be minimized at the times of
joining and leaving multicast groups so as to achieve join and
leave latencies acceptable in terms of user experience. For
example this is important in an IP-TV application, because users
are not going to be receptive to a slow response time when
changing channels.
(11) Scalability
Solutions that are used for well managed IP multicasting should
scale enough to support the needs of content providers and network
operators.
(12) Small Impact on the Existing Products
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Impact on the existing products (e.g., protocols, software, etc.)
should be as minimal as possible.
Ideally the NSP should be able to use the same infrastructure
(such as access control) to support commercial multicast services
for the so called "triple play" services: voice (VoIP), video, and
broadband Internet access services.
When a CP requires the NSP to provide a level of QoS surpassing
"best effort" delivery or to provide special services (e.g., to
limited users with specific attributes), certain parameters of the
CDS may be defined by a contractual relation between the NSP and
the CP. However, just as for best-effort unicast, multicast allows
for content sourced by CPs without a contractual relation with the
NSP. Therefore, solutions addressing the requirements defined in
this memo should not make multicasting without AAA features
obsolete. NSPs may offer tiered services, with higher
QOS,accounting, authentication, etc., depending on contractual
relation with the CPs. It is therefore important that Multicast
AAA and QoS functions be as modular and flexible as possible.
(13) Deployable as Alternative to Unicast
IP Multicasting would ideally be available as an alternative to IP
unicasting when the "on-demand" nature of unicasting is not
required. Therefore interfaces to multicasting should allow for
easy integration into CDS systems that support unicasting.
Especially equivalent interfaces for authorization, access control
and accounting capabilities should be provided.
(14) Multicast Replication
The above requirements should also apply if multicast replication
is being done on an access-node (e.g. DSLAMs or OLTs).
Specific functional requirements for each application can be
derived from the above general requirements. An example is shown
in the section 5.
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5. Application Example and its Specific Requirements
This section shows an application example which could benefit from
multicasting. Then, specific functional requirements related to
user-based accounting capabilities are derived.
5.1 IP Multicast-based Content Delivery Service (CDS): CP and NSP are
different entities (companies)
Broadband access networks such as ADSL (Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line) or FTTH (Fiber to the Home) have been deployed
widely in recent years. Content Delivery Service (CDS) is expected
to be a major application provided through broadband access
networks. Because many services such as television broadcasting
require huge bandwidth (e.g., 6Mbit/s) and processing power at
content server, IP multicast is used as an efficient delivery
mechanism for CDS.
One way to provide high quality CDS is to use closed networks
("walled-garden" model).
This subsection shows an example where CP and NSP are different
entities (companies).
5.1.1 Network Model for Multicast Content Delivery Service
As shown in Fig.2, networks for CDS contain three different types
of entities: Content Provider (CP), Network Service Provider (NSP),
and end user clients. An NSP owns the network resources
(infrastructure). It accommodates content providers on one side
and accommodates end user clients on the other side. NSP provides
the network for CDS to two other entities (i.e., CPs and end user
clients). A CP provides content to each end-user client through
the network of NSPs. NSPs are responsible for delivering the
content to end user clients, and for controlling the network
resources.
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+-------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+
| CP | | CP | | CP |
| #1 | | #2 | | #3 |
| +---------+ | | +---------+ | | +---------+ |
| | content | | | | content | | | | content | |
| | server | | | | server | | | | server | |
| +-------+-+ | | +----+----+ | | +-+-------+ |
+----------\--+ +------|------+ +--/----------+
\ | /
\ | / <- network/network
\ | / interface
+------------- \ ------ | ------ / ----+
| \ | / |
| NSP +-+-----+-----+-+ |
| | Provider Edge | |
| +-------+-------+ | +-----------------+
| | |---| Information |
| | | | server |
| +--+------+---+ | +-----------------+
| | User Edge | |
| +--+---+---+--+ |
| / | \ |
+------------- / --- | --- \ ----------+
/ | \
/ | \ <- user/network interface
/ | \
+---------++ +-----+----+ ++---------+
|client #a | |client #b | |client #c |
+----------+ +----------+ +----------+
End user A End user B End user C
Fig.2 Example of CDS network configuration
The NSP provides the information server for all multicast channels,
and a CP gives detailed channel information (e.g., Time table of
each channel) to the information server. An end-user client gets
the information from the information server. In this model,
multicast is used in the NSP's CDS network, and there are two
different contracts. One is the contract between the NSP and the
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end user which permits the user to access the basic network
resources of the NSP. Another contract is between the CP and end
user to permit the user to subscribe to multicast content. Because
the CP and NSP are different entities, and the NSP generally does
not allow a CP to control (operate) the network resources of the
NSP, user authorization needs to be done by the CP and NSP
independently. Since there is no direct connection to the
user/network interface, the CP cannot control the user/network
interface. An end user may want to move to another place, or may
want to change her/his device (client) anytime without
interrupting her/his reception of services. As such, IP Multicast
network should support portability capabilities.
5.1.2 Content Delivery Service Requirements
To have a successful business providing multicast, there are some
specific requirements for the IP Multicast-based Content Delivery
Service.
5.1.2.1 Accounting Requirements
Since the CP and NSP are different business entities, they need to
share the revenue. Such a revenue sharing business relationship
requires accurate and near real-time accounting information about
the end user clients' activity on accessing the content services.
The accounting information should be per content/usage-base to
enable varied billing and charging methods.
The user accessing particular content is represented by the user's
activities of joining or leaving the corresponding multicast
group/channel (<g> or <s,g>). In multicast networks, only NSPs can
collect group joining or leaving activities in real-time through
their last-hop multicast access edge devices. The NSPs can
transfer the accounting information to related CPs for them to
generate end user billing information. The normal AAA technology
can be used to transfer the accounting information.
To match the accounting information with a particular end-user
client, the end-user client has to be authenticated. Usually the
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account information of an end-user client for content access is
maintained by the CP. An end user client may have different user
accounts for different CPs. The account is usually in the format
of (username, password) so an end user client can access the
content services from anywhere. For example, an end user client
can access the CP from different NSPs. It should be noted that the
user account used for content access can be different from the one
used for network access maintained by NSPs.
The NSP-CP model represents a multi-domain AAA environment. There
are plural cases of the model depending on the trust relationship
between the NSP and CP, and additional service requirements such
as a certain QoS level guarantee or service/terminal portability.
A mechanism is necessary to allow a CP and NSP to grasp each
user's behavior independently.
Another requirement related to accounting is the ability to notify
a user when accounting really starts. When a "free preview"
capability is supported, accounting may not start at the same time
as the user's joining of the stream.
5.1.2.2 Authorization Requirements
The NSPs are responsible for delivering content and are required to
meet certain QoS levels or SLA (service level agreements). For
example, video quality is very sensitive to packet loss. So if an
NSP cannot meet the quality requirements due to limited network
resources if it accepts an additional user request, the NSP should
reject that end user's access request to avoid charging the
existing (i.e., already joined) user for bad services. For example,
if an access line is shared by several users, an additional user's
join may cause performance degradation for other users. If the
incoming user is the first user on an edge node, this will initiate
the transmission of data between the multicast router and the edge
node and this extra network traffic may cause performance
degradation. There may also be policies that do not necessarily
give highest priority to the "first-come" users, and these should
also be considered.
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In order to protect network resources against misuse/malicious
access and maintain a QoS level, appropriate admission control
function for traffic policing purposes is necessary so that the NSP
can accept or reject the request without degrading the QoS beyond
the specified level.
5.1.2.3 Authentication Requirements
There are two different aims of authentication. One is
authentication for network access, and another one is for content
access. For the first case of authentication, NSP has a AAA server,
and for the second case, each CP has a AAA server. In some cases,
CPs delegate (outsource) the operation of user authentication to
NSPs.
As such, in addition to network access, multicast group access by
a user also needs to be authenticated. Content authentication
should support the models where:
- authentication for multicast content is outsourced to the
NSP.
- authentication for multicast content access is operated by
the content provider
5.2 IP Multicast-based Content Delivery Service (CDS): CP and NSP are
the same entities (companies)
Another application example is the case where the content provider
(CP) and network service provider (NSP) are the same entity
(company) as shown in Fig. 3. In the case that the CP and NSP are
the same entity, some of the requirements indicated in 4.1 are not
required.
This model does not require the following items:
- Communication method between sender (server) and user (end
host). Since they belong to the same company, they can use
all the available information.
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- Methods to share user-related information between network
providers and content providers.
+-----------------------------------------------------+
| +---------+ |
| | content | |
| | server | |
| +----+----+ |
| | |
| CP+NSP +-------+-------+ |
| | Provider Edge | |
| +-------+-------+ +--------------------+ |
| | | Information server | |
| | +--------------------+ |
| +-------------+ |
| | User Edge | |
| +--+---+---+--+ |
| / | \ |
+----------- / --- | --- \ ---------------------------+
/ | \
/ | \ <- user/network interface
/ | \
+---------++ +-----+----+ ++---------+
|user #a | |user #b | |user #c |
+----------+ +----------+ +----------+
End user A End user B End user C
Fig.3 Example of CDS network configuration
6. Acknowledgments
The authors of this draft would like to express their appreciation
to Pekka Savola of Netcore Ltd., Daniel Alvarez, and Toerless
Eckert of Cisco Systems, Sam Sambasivan of AT&T, Sanjay Wadhwa of
Juniper, Tom Anschutz and Steven Wright of BellSouth, Nicolai
Leymann of T-Systems, Carlos Garcia Braschi of Telefonica Empresas,
Marshall Eubanks of Multicast Techno, Stephen Rife of NTT and
David Meyer in his role as mboned WG chair, as well as their
thanks to the participants of the MBONED WG in general.
Hayashi, He, Satou, Ohta and Vaidya [Page 18.]
Internet Draft draft-ietf-mboned-maccnt-req-04.txt February 8, 2006
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
7. IANA Considerations
This I-D does not raise any IANA consideration issues.
8. Security Considerations
Accounting capabilities can be used to enhance the security of
multicast networks by excluding ineligible clients from the
networks.
9. Conclusion
This I-D describes general requirements for providing "well
managed" IP multicasting services. It lists issues related to
accounting, authentication, authorization and admission control
for multicast content delivery. Content Delivery Services with
different business models is cited as an application which could
benefit from the capabilities of "well managed" IP multicasting
described in this document.
It is proposed that this document be used as a starting point for
discussing requirements for "well managed" IP multicasting
services.
Normative References
[1] B. Cain, et. al., "Internet Group Management Protocol, Version
3", RFC3376, October 2002.
[2] R. Vida, et. al., "Multicast Listener Discovery Version 2
(MLDv2) for IPv6", RFC3810, June 2004.
Hayashi, He, Satou, Ohta and Vaidya [Page 19.]
Internet Draft draft-ietf-mboned-maccnt-req-04.txt February 8, 2006
Authors' Addresses
Tsunemasa Hayashi
NTT Network Innovation Laboratories
1-1 Hikarino'oka, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa, 239-0847 Japan
Phone: +81 46 859 8790
Email: hayashi.tsunemasa@lab.ntt.co.jp
Haixiang He
Nortel
600 Technology Park Drive Billerica, MA 01801, USA
Phone: +1 978 288 7482
Email: haixiang@nortel.com
Hiroaki Satou
NTT Network Service Systems Laboratories
3-9-11 Midoricho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8585 Japan
Phone: +81 422 59 4683
Email: satou.hiroaki@lab.ntt.co.jp
Hiroshi Ohta
NTT Network Service Systems Laboratories
3-9-11 Midoricho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8585 Japan
Phone: +81 422 59 3617
Email: ohta.hiroshi@lab.ntt.co.jp
Susheela Vaidya
Cisco Systems, Inc.
170 W. Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134
Phone: +1 408 525 1952
Email: svaidya@cisco.com
Hayashi, He, Satou, Ohta and Vaidya [Page 20.]
Internet Draft draft-ietf-mboned-maccnt-req-04.txt February 8, 2006
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Hayashi, He, Satou, Ohta and Vaidya [Page 21.]
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