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Versions: 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 RFC 3623
Network Working Group J. Moy (Sycamore Networks)
Internet Draft Padma Pillay-Esnault (Juniper Networks)
Expiration Date: December 2003 Acee Lindem, Editor (Redback Networks)
File name: draft-ietf-ospf-hitless-restart-08.txt July 2003
Graceful OSPF Restart
draft-ietf-ospf-hitless-restart-08.txt
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
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Abstract
This memo documents an enhancement to the OSPF routing protocol,
whereby an OSPF router can stay on the forwarding path even as its
OSPF software is restarted. This is called "graceful restart" or
"non-stop forwarding". A restarting router may not be capable of
adjusting its forwarding in a timely manner when the network
topology changes. In order to avoid the possible resulting routing
loops the procedure in this memo automatically reverts to a normal
OSPF restart when such a topology change is detected, or when one or
more of the restarting router's neighbors do not support the
enhancements in this memo. Proper network operation during a
graceful restart makes assumptions upon the operating environment
of the restarting router; these assumptions are also documented.
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Table of Contents
1 Overview ............................................... 2
1.1 Acknowledgments ........................................ 3
2 Operation of restarting router ......................... 3
2.1 Entering graceful restart .............................. 4
2.2 When to exit graceful restart .......................... 5
2.3 Actions on exiting graceful restart .................... 6
3 Operation of helper neighbor ........................... 6
3.1 Entering helper mode ................................... 7
3.2 Exiting helper mode .................................... 8
4 Backward compatibility ................................. 9
5 Unplanned outages ...................................... 9
6 Interaction with Traffic Engineering .................. 10
7 Possible Future Work .................................. 10
8 Intellectual Property ................................. 10
References ............................................ 11
A Grace-LSA format ...................................... 12
B Configurable Parameters ............................... 14
Security Considerations ............................... 15
Authors' Addresses .................................... 15
1. Overview
Today many Internet routers implement a separation of control and
forwarding functions. Certain processors are dedicated to control
and management tasks such as OSPF routing, while other processors
perform the data forwarding tasks. This separation creates the
possibility of maintaining a router's data forwarding capability
while the router's control software is restarted/reloaded. We call
such a possibility "graceful restart" or "non-stop forwarding".
The problem that the OSPF protocol presents to graceful restart is
that, under normal operation, OSPF intentionally routes around a
restarting router while it rebuilds its link-state database. OSPF
avoids the restarting router to minimize the possibility of routing
loops and/or black holes caused by lack of database synchronization.
Avoidance is accomplished by having the router's neighbors reissue
their LSAs, omitting links to the restarting router.
However, if (a) the network topology remains stable and (b) the
restarting router is able to keep its forwarding table(s) across the
restart, it would be safe to keep the restarting router on the
forwarding path. This memo documents an enhancement to OSPF that
makes such graceful restart possible, and one that automatically
reverts back to a standard OSPF restart for safety when network
topology changes are detected.
In a nutshell, the OSPF enhancements for graceful restart are as
follows. The router attempting a graceful restart originates
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link-local Opaque-LSAs, herein called Grace-LSAs, announcing the
intention to perform a graceful restart, and asking for a "grace
period". During the grace period its neighbors continue to announce
the restarting router in their LSAs as if it were fully adjacent
(i.e., OSPF neighbor state Full), but only if the network topology
remains static (i.e, the contents of the LSAs in the link-state
database having LS types 1-5,7 remain unchanged; periodic refreshes
are allowed).
There are two roles being played by OSPF routers during graceful
restart. First there is the router that is being restarted. The
operation of this router during graceful restart, including how the
router enters and leaves graceful restart, is the subject of Section
2. Then there are the router's neighbors, which must cooperate in
order for the restart to be graceful. During graceful restart we say
that the neighbors are executing in "helper mode". Section 3 covers
the responsibilities of a router executing in helper mode, including
entering and leaving helper mode.
1.1. Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank John Drake, Vishwas Manral, Kent Wong,
and Don Goodspeed for their helpful comments. We also wish
to thank Alex Zinin and Bill Fenner for their thorough review.
2. Operation of restarting router
After the router restarts/reloads, it must change its OSPF
processing somewhat until it re-establishes full adjacencies with
all its previously fully-adjacent neighbors. This time period,
between the restart/reload and the reestablishment of adjacencies,
is called "graceful restart". During graceful restart:
(1) The restarting router does not originate LSAs with LS types
1-5,7. Instead, the restarting router wants the other routers
in the OSPF domain to calculate routes using the LSAs that it
had originated prior to its restart. During this time, the
restarting router does not modify or flush received self-
originated LSAs, (see Section 13.4 of [1]) but instead
accepts them as valid. In particular, the grace-LSAs that the
restarting router had originated before the restart are left
in place. Received self-originated LSAs will be dealt with
when the router exits graceful restart (see Section 2.3).
(2) The restarting router runs its OSPF routing calculations, as
specified in Section 16 of [1]. This is necessary to
return any OSPF virtual links to operation. However, the
restarting router does *not* install OSPF routes into the
system's forwarding table(s), instead relying on the
forwarding entries that it had installed prior to the
restart.
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(3) If the restarting router determines that it was Designated
Router on a given segment immediately prior to the restart,
it elects itself as Designated Router again. The restarting
router knows that it was Designated Router if, while the
associated interface is in Waiting state, an Hello packet is
received from a neighbor listing the router as Designated
Router.
Otherwise, the restarting router operates the same as any other OSPF
router. It discovers neighbors using OSPF's Hello protocol, elects
Designated and Backup Designated Routers, performs the Database
Exchange procedure to initially synchronize link-state databases
with its neighbors, and maintains this synchronization through
flooding.
The processes of entering graceful restart, and of exiting graceful
restart (either successfully or not) are covered in the following
sections.
2.1. Entering graceful restart
The router (call it Router X) is informed of the desire for its
graceful restart when an appropriate command is issued by the
network operator. The network operator may also specify the
length of the grace period, or the necessary grace period may be
calculated by the router's OSPF software. In order to avoid
the restarting router's LSAs from aging out, the grace period
should not exceed LSRefreshTime (1800 second) [1].
In preparation for the graceful restart, Router X must perform
the following actions before its software is restarted/reloaded.
Note that common OSPF shutdown procedures are *not* performed,
since we want the other OSPF routers to act as if Router X
remains in continuous service. For example, Router X does not
flush its locally originated LSAs, since we want them to remain
in other routers' link-state databases throughout the restart
period.
(1) Router X must ensure that its forwarding table(s) is/are
up-to-date and will remain in place across the restart.
(2) The router may need to preserve the cryptographic
sequence numbers being used on each interface in
non-volatile storage. An alternative is to use the
router's clock for cryptographic sequence number
generation and ensure the clock is preserved across
restarts (either on the same or redundant route
processors). If neither of these can be guarenteed, it
can take up to RouterDeadInterval seconds after the
restart before adjacencies can be reestablished and this
would force the grace period to be lengthened greatly.
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Router X then originates the grace-LSAs. These are link-local
Opaque-LSAs (see Appendix A). Their LS Age field is set to 0,
and the requested grace period (in seconds) is inserted into the
body of the grace-LSA. The precise contents of the grace-LSA are
described in Appendix A.
A grace-LSA is originated for each of the router's OSPF
interfaces. If Router X wants to ensure that its neighbors
receive the grace-LSAs, it should retransmit the grace-LSAs
until they are acknowledged (i.e, perform standard OSPF reliable
flooding of the grace-LSAs). If one or more fully adjacent
neighbors do not receive grace-LSAs, they will more than likely
cause premature termination of the graceful restart procedure
(see Section 4).
After the grace-LSAs have been sent, the router should store the
fact that it is performing graceful restart along with the
length of the requested grace period in non-volatile storage.
(Note to implementors: It may be easiest to simply store the
absolute time of the end of the grace period). The OSPF
software should then be restarted/reloaded, and when the
reloaded software starts executing the graceful restart
modifications in Section 2 above are followed. (Note that prior
to the restart, the router does not know whether its neighbors
are going to cooperate as "helpers"; the mere reception of
grace-LSAs does not imply acceptance of helper
responsibilities. This memo assumes that the router would want
to restart anyway, even if the restart is not going to be
graceful).
2.2. When to exit graceful restart
A Router X exits graceful restart when any of the following
occurs:
(1) Router X has reestablished all its adjacencies. Router X
can determine this by examining the router-LSAs that it
had last originated before the restart (called the "pre-
restart router-LSA"), and, on those segments where the
router is Designated Router, the pre-restart network-
LSAs. These LSAs will have been received from the helping
neighbors, and need not have been stored in non-volatile
storage across the restart. All previous adjacencies will
be listed as type-1 and type 2 links in the router-LSA,
and as neighbors in the body of the network-LSA.
(2) Router X receives an LSA that is inconsistent with its
pre-restart router-LSA. For example, X receives a router-
LSA originated by router Y that does not contain a link
to X, even though X's pre-start router-LSA did contain a
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link to Y. This indicates that either a) Y does not
support graceful restart, b) Y never received the grace-
LSA or c) Y has terminated its helper mode for some
reason (Section 3.2). A special case of LSA inconsistency
is when Router X establishes an adjacency with router Y
and doesn't receive an instance of its own pre-restart
router LSA.
(3) The grace period expires.
2.3. Actions on exiting graceful restart
On exiting "graceful restart", the reloaded router reverts back
to completely normal OSPF operation, reoriginating LSAs based on
the router's current state and updating its forwarding table(s)
based on the current contents of the link-state database. In
particular, the following actions should be performed when
exiting, either successfully or unsuccessfully, graceful
restart.
(1) The router should reoriginate its router-LSAs for all
attached areas, to make sure they have the correct
contents.
(2) The router should reoriginate network-LSAs on all
segments where it is Designated Router.
(3) The router reruns its OSPF routing calculations (Section
16 of [1]), this time installing the results into the
system forwarding table, and originating summary-LSAs,
Type-7 LSAs and AS-external-LSAs as necessary.
(4) Any remnant entries in the system forwarding table that
were installed before the restart, but that are no longer
valid, should be removed.
(5) Any received self-originated LSAs that are no longer
valid should be flushed.
(6) Any grace-LSAs that the router had originated should be
flushed.
3. Operation of helper neighbor
The helper relationship is per network segment. As a "helper
neighbor" on a segment S for a restarting router X, router Y has
several duties. It monitors the network for topology changes, and as
long as there are none, continues to its advertise its LSAs as if X
had remained in continuous OSPF operation. This means that Y's LSAs
continue to list an adjacency to X over network segment S,
regardless of the adjacency's current synchronization state. This
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logic affects the contents of both router-LSAs and network-LSAs, and
also depends on the type of network segment S (see Sections 12.4.1.1
through 12.4.1.5 and Section 12.4.2 of [1]). When helping over a
virtual link, the helper must also continue to set bit V in its
router-LSA for the virtual link's transit area (Section 12.4.1 of
[1]).
Also, if X was the Designated Router on network segment S when the
helping relationship began, Y maintains X as Designated router until
the helping relationship is terminated.
3.1. Entering helper mode
When a router Y receives a grace-LSA from router X, it enters
helper mode for X, on the associated network segment, as long as
all the following checks pass:
(1) Y currently has a full adjacency with X (neighbor state
Full) over the associated network segment. On broadcast,
NBMA and Point-to-MultiPoint segments, the neighbor
relationship with X is identified by the IP interface
address in the body of the grace-LSA (see Appendix A). On
all other segment types X is identified by the grace-
LSA's Advertising Router field.
(2) There have been no changes in content to the link-state
database (LS types 1-5,7) since router X restarted. This
is determined as follows. Router Y examines the link-
state retransmission list for X over the associated
network segment. If there are any LSAs with LS types
1-5,7 on the list, then they all must be periodic
refreshes. If there are instead LSAs on the list whose
contents have changed (see Section 3.3 of [7]), Y must
refuse to enter helper mode. Router Y may optionally
disallow graceful restart with Router X on other network
segments. Determining whether changed LSAs have been
successfully flooded to router Y on other network
segments is feasible but beyond the scope of this
document.
(3) The grace period has not yet expired. This means that the
LS age of the grace-LSA is less than the grace period
specified in the body of the grace-LSA (Appendix A).
(4) Local policy allows Y to act as the helper for X.
Examples of configured policies might be a) never act as
helper, b) never allow the grace period to exceed a Time
T, c) only help on software reloads/upgrades, or d) never
act as a helper for certain specific routers (specified
by OSPF Router ID).
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(5) Router Y is not in the process of graceful restart.
There is one exception to the above requirements. If Y was
already helping X on the associated network segment, the new
grace-LSA should be accepted and the grace period should be
updated accordingly.
Note that Router Y may be helping X on some network segments,
and not on others. However, that circumstance will probably lead
to the premature termination of X's graceful restart, as Y will
not continue to advertise adjacencies on the segments where it
is not helping (see Section 2.2).
Alternately, Router Y may choose to enter enter helper mode
when a grace LSA is received and the above checks pass for all
adjacencies with Router X. This implemenation alternative
of aggregating the adjacencies with respect to helper mode is
compatible with implementations considering each adjacency
independently.
A single router is allowed to simultaneously serve as a helper
for multiple restarting neighbors.
3.2. Exiting helper mode
Router Y ceases to perform the helper function for its neighbor
Router X on a given segment when one of the following events
occurs.
(1) The grace-LSA originated by X on the segment is flushed.
This is the successful termination of graceful restart.
(2) The grace-LSA's grace period expires.
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(3) A change in link-state database contents indicates a
network topology change, which forces termination of a
graceful restart. Specifically, if router Y installs a
new LSA in its database with LS types 1-5,7 and having
the following two properties, it should cease helping X.
The two properties of the LSA are a) the contents of the
LSA have changed; this includes LSAs with no previous
link-state database instance and the flushing of LSAs
from the database, but excludes periodic LSA refreshes
(see Section 3.3 of [7]), and b) the LSA would have
been flooded to X, had Y and X been fully adjacent. As an
example of the second property, if Y installs a changed
AS-external-LSA, it should not terminate a helping
relationship with a neighbor belonging to a stub area, as
that neighbor would not see the AS-external-LSA in any
case. An implementation MAY provide a configuration
option to disable link-state database options from
terminating graceful restart. Such an option will,
however, increase the risk of routing loops and
black holes.
When Router Y exits helper mode for X on a given network
segment, it reoriginates its LSAs based on the current state of
its adjacency to Router X over the segment. In detail, Y takes
the following actions: (a) Y recalculates the Designated Router
for the segment, (b) Y reoriginates its router-LSA for the
segment's OSPF area, (c) if Y is Designated Router for the
segment, it reoriginates the network-LSA for the segment and (d)
if the segment was a virtual link, Y reoriginates its router-LSA
for the virtual link's transit area.
If Router Y aggregated adjacencies with Router X when
entering helper mode (as described in section 3.1), it must also
exit helper mode for all adjacencies with Router X when any one
of the exit events occurs for of adjacency with Router X.
4. Backward compatibility
Backward-compatibility with unmodified OSPF routers is an automatic
consequence of the functionality documented above. If one or more
neighbors of a router requesting graceful restart are unmodified, or
if they do not received the grace-LSA, the graceful restart converts
to a normal OSPF restart.
The unmodified routers will start routing around the restarted
router X as it performs initial database synchronization, by
reissuing their LSAs with links to X omitted. These LSAs will be
interpreted by helper neighbors as a topology change, and by X as an
LSA inconsistency, in either case reverting to normal OSPF
operation.
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5. Unplanned outages
The graceful restart mechanisms in this memo can be used for
unplanned outages. (Examples of unplanned outages include the crash
of a router's control software, an unexpected switchover to a
redundant control processor, etc). However, implementors and network
operators should note that attempting graceful restart from an
unplanned outage may not be a good idea, owing to the router's
inability to properly prepare for the restart (see Section 2.1). In
particular, it seems unlikely that a router could guarantee the
sanity of its forwarding table(s) across an unplanned restart. In
any event, implementors providing the option to recover gracefully
from unplanned outages must allow a network operator to turn the
option off.
In contrast to the procedure for planned restart/reloads that was
described in Section 2.1, a router attempting graceful restart after
an unplanned outage must originate grace-LSAs *after* its control
software resumes operation. The following points must be observed
during this grace-LSA origination.
o The grace-LSAs must be originated and sent *before* the
restarted router sends any OSPF Hello Packets. On broadcast
networks, this LSA must be flooded to the AllSPFRouters
multicast address (224.0.0.5) since the restarting router is
not aware of its previous DR state.
o The grace-LSAs are encapsulated in Link State Update Packets and
sent out all interfaces, even though the restarted router has no
adjacencies and no knowledge of previous adjacencies.
o To improve the probability that grace-LSAs be delivered, an
implementation may send them a number of times (see for example
the Robustness Variable in [8]).
o The restart reason in the grace-LSAs must be set to unknown(0).
This enables the neighbors to decide whether they want to help
the router through an unplanned restart.
6. Interaction with Traffic Engineering
The operation of the Traffic Engineering Extensions to OSPF [4]
during OSPF Graceful Restart is specified in [6].
7. Possible Future Work
Devise a less conservative algorithm for graceful restart
helper termination that provides a comparable level of
black hole and routing loop avoidance.
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8. Intellectual Property
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
intellectual property or other rights that might be claimed to
pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
might or might not be available; neither does it represent that it
has made any effort to identify any such rights. Information on the
IETF's procedures with respect to rights in standards-track and
standards-related documentation can be found in BCP-11. Copies of
claims of rights made available for publication and any assurances of
licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to
obtain a general license or permission for the use of such
proprietary rights by implementors or users of this specification can
be obtained from the IETF Secretariat.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
rights which may cover technology that may be required to practice
this standard. Please address the information to the IETF Executive
Director.
Normative References
[1] Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", RFC 2328, April 1998.
[2] Coltun, R., "The OSPF Opaque LSA Option", RFC 2370, July
1998.
Informative References
[3] Murphy, S., M. Badger and B. Wellington, "OSPF with Digital
Signatures", RFC 2154, June 1997.
[4] Katz, D., D. Yeung and K. Kompella, "Traffic Engineering
Extensions to OSPF", work in progress.
[5] Murphy, P., "The OSPF NSSA Option", RFC 3101, January 2003.
[6] Kompella, K., et. al., "Routing Extensions in Support of
Generalized MPLS", work in progress.
[7] Moy, J., "Extending OSPF to Support Demand Circuits", RFC
1793, April 1995.
[8] Fenner, W., "Internet Group Membership Protocol, Version 2",
RFC 2236, November 1997.
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A. Grace-LSA format
The grace-LSA is a link-local scoped Opaque-LSA [2] having Opaque
Type of 3 and Opaque ID equal to 0. Grace-LSAs are originated by a
router that wishes to execute a graceful restart of its OSPF
software. A grace-LSA requests that the router's neighbors aid it in
its graceful restart by continuing to advertise the router as fully
adjacent during a specified grace period.
Each grace-LSA has LS age field set to 0 when the LSA is first
originated; the current value of LS age then indicates how long ago
the restarting router made its request. The body of the LSA is TLV-
encoded. The TLV-encoded information includes the length of the
grace period, the reason for the graceful restart and, when the
grace-LSA is associated with a broadcast, NBMA or Point-to-
MultiPoint network segment, the IP interface address of the
restarting router.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS age | Options | 9 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 3 | 0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Advertising Router |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS sequence number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS checksum | length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+- TLVs -+
| ... |
The format of the TLVs within the body of a grace-LSA is the same as
the format used by the Traffic Engineering Extensions to OSPF [4].
The LSA payload consists of one or more nested Type/Length/Value
(TLV) triplets for extensibility. The format of each TLV is:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Value... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
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The Length field defines the length of the value portion in octets
(thus a TLV with no value portion would have a length of zero). The
TLV is padded to four-octet alignment; padding is not included in
the length field (so a three octet value would have a length of
three, but the total size of the TLV would be eight octets). Nested
TLVs are also 32-bit aligned. For example, a one byte value
would have the length field set to 1, and three bytes of padding
would be added to the end of the value portion of the TLV.
Unrecognized types are ignored.
The following is the list of TLVs that can appear in the body of a
grace-LSA.
o Grace Period (Type=1, length=4). The number of seconds that the
router's neighbors should continue to advertise the router as
fully adjacent, regardless of the the state of database
synchronization between the router and its neighbors. Since this
time period began when grace-LSA's LS age was equal to 0, the
grace period terminates when either a) the LS age of the grace-
LSA exceeds the value of Grace Period or b) the grace-LSA is
flushed. See Section 3.2 for other conditions which terminate
the grace period. This TLV must always appear in a grace-LSA.
o Graceful restart reason (Type=2, length=1). Encodes the reason
for the router restart, as one of the following: 0 (unknown), 1
(software restart), 2 (software reload/upgrade) or 3 (switch to
redundant control processor). This TLV must always appear in a
grace-LSA.
o IP interface address (Type=3, length=4). The router's IP
interface address on the subnet associated with the grace-LSA.
Required on broadcast, NBMA and Point-to-MultiPoint segments,
where the helper uses the IP interface address to identify the
restarting router (see Section 3.1).
DoNotAge is never set in a grace-LSA, even if the grace-LSA is
flooded over a demand circuit [7]. This is because the grace-LSA's
LS age field is used to calculate the extent of the grace period.
Grace-LSAs have link-local scope because they only need to be seen
by the router's direct neighbors.
Additional Grace-LSA TLVs must be described in an Internet Draft
and will be subject to the expert review of the OSPF Working Group.
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B. Configurable Parameters
OSPF graceful restart parameters are suggested below. Section
B.1 contains a minimum subset of parameters that should be
supported. B.2 includes some additional configuration parameters
an implementation may choose to support.
B.1 Global Parameters (Minimum subset)
RestartSupport
The router's level of support for OSPF graceful restart.
Allowable values are none, planned restart only, and
planned/unplanned.
RestartInterval
The graceful restart interval in seconds. The range is from
1 to 1800 seconds with a suggested default of 120 seconds.
B.2 Global Parameters (Optional)
RestartHelperSupport
The router's support for acting as an OSPF restart helper.
Allowable values are none, planned restart only, and
planned/unplanned.
RestartHelperStrictLSAChecking
Indicates whether or not an OSPF restart helper should
terminate graceful restart when there is a change to an LSA
that would be flooded to the restarting router or when there
is a changed LSA on the restarting router's retransmission list
when graceful restart is initiated. The suggested default is
enabled.
Moy, Pillay-Esnault, Lindem [Page 14]
Internet Draft Graceful OSPF Restart July 2003
Security Considerations
One of the ways to attack a link-state protocol such as OSPF is to
inject false LSAs into, or corrupt existing LSAs in, the link-state
database. Injecting a false grace-LSA would allow an attacker to
spoof a router that, in reality, has been withdrawn from service.
The standard way to prevent such corruption of the link-state
database is to secure OSPF protocol exchanges using the
cryptographic authentication specified in [1]. An even stronger
way of securing link-state database contents has been proposed in
[3].
When crytographic authentication [1] is used on the restarting
router the preservation of receive sequence numbers in
non-volatile storage is not mandatory. There is a risk that a
replayed Hello packet could cause neighbor state for a deceased
neighbor to be created. However, the risk is no greater than
during normal operation.
Authors' Addresses
J. Moy
Sycamore Networks, Inc.
150 Apollo Drive
Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: (978) 367-2505
Fax: (978) 256-4203
email: jmoy@sycamorenet.com
Padma Pillay-Esnault
Juniper Networks
1194 N, Mathilda Avenue
Sunnyvale, CA 94089-1206
Email: padma@juniper.net
Acee Lindem
Redback Networks
102 Carric Bend Court
Cary, NC 27519
Email: acee@redback.com
Moy, Pillay-Esnault, Lindem [Page 15]
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