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IPv6 Operations j. woodyatt, Ed.
Internet-Draft Apple
Intended status: Informational October 21, 2010
Expires: April 24, 2011
Recommended Simple Security Capabilities in Customer Premises Equipment
for Providing Residential IPv6 Internet Service
draft-ietf-v6ops-cpe-simple-security-16
Abstract
This document identifies a set of recommendations for the makers of
devices describing how to provide for "simple security" capabilities
at the perimeter of local-area IPv6 networks in Internet-enabled
homes and small offices.
Status of this Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on April 24, 2011.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Special Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. Use of Normative Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1. Basic Sanitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2. Internet Layer Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3. Transport Layer Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Detailed Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1. Stateless Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2. Connection-free Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.1. Internet Control and Management . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.2. Upper-layer Transport Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.3. UDP Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2.4. IPsec and Internet Key Exchange (IKE) . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.5. Mobility Support in IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3. Connection-oriented Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3.1. TCP Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3.2. SCTP Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3.3. DCCP Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3.4. Level 3 Multihoming Shim Protocol for IPv6 (SHIM6) . . 22
3.4. Passive Listeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.5. Management Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4. Summary of Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
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1. Introduction
Some IPv6 gateway devices that enable delivery of Internet services
in residential and small office settings may be augmented with
'simple security' capabilities as described in "Local Network
Protection for IPv6" [RFC4864]. In general, these capabilities cause
packets to be discarded in an attempt to make local networks and the
Internet more secure. However, it is worth noting that some packets
sent by legitimate applications may also be discarded in this
process, affecting reliability and ease of use for these
applications.
There is a constructive tension between the desires of users for
transparent end-to-end connectivity on the one hand, and the need for
local-area network administrators to detect and prevent intrusion by
unauthorized public Internet users on the other. This document is
intended to highlight reasonable limitations on end-to-end
transparency where security considerations are deemed important to
promote local and Internet security.
The reader is cautioned always to remember that the typical
residential or small office network administrator has no expertise
whatsoever in Internet engineering. Configuration interfaces for
router/gateway appliances marketed toward them should be easy to
understand and even easier to ignore. In particular, extra care
should be used in the design of baseline operating modes for
unconfigured devices, since most devices will never be changed from
their factory configurations.
1.1. Special Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
Additionally, the key word "DEFAULT" is to be interpreted in this
document as pertaining to a configuration as applied by a vendor,
prior to the administrator changing it for its initial activation.
1.2. Use of Normative Keywords
NOTE WELL: This document is not a standard, and conformance with it
is not required in order to claim conformance with IETF standards for
IPv6. It uses the normative keywords defined in the previous section
only for precision.
Particular attention is drawn to recommendation REC-49, which calls
for an easy way to set a gateway to a transparent mode of operation.
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2. Overview
For the purposes of this document, residential Internet gateways are
assumed to be fairly simple devices with a limited subset of the full
range of possible features. They function as default routers
[RFC4294] for a single local-area network, e.g. an Ethernet, a Wi-Fi
network, a bridge between two or more such segments. They have only
one interface by which they can access the Internet service at any
one time, using any of several possible sub-IP mechanisms including
tunnels and transition mechanisms.
In referring to the security capabilities of residential gateways, it
is reasonable to distinguish between their "interior" network, i.e.
the local-area network, and their "exterior" networks, e.g. the
public Internet and the networks of Internet service providers. This
document is concerned only with the behavior of IP packet filters
that police the flow of traffic between the interior IPv6 network and
the exterior IPv6 networks of residential Internet gateways.
The operational goals of security capabilities in Internet gateways
are described with more detail in "Local Network Protection for IPv6"
[RFC4864], but they can be summarized as follows.
o Check all traffic to and from the public Internet for basic
sanity, e.g. anti-spoofing and "martian" [RFC4949] filters.
o Allow tracking of applications usage by source and destination
network addresses and ports.
o Provide a barrier against untrusted external influences on the
interior network by requiring filter state to be activated by
traffic originating at interior network nodes.
o Allow manually configured exceptions to the stateful filtering
rules according to network administrative policy.
o Isolate local network DHCPv6 and DNS resolver services from the
public Internet.
Prior to the widespread availability of IPv6 Internet service, homes
and small offices often used private IPv4 network address realms
[RFC1918] with Network Address Translation (NAT) functions deployed
to present all the hosts on the interior network as a single host to
the Internet service provider. The stateful packet filtering
behavior of NAT set user expectations that persist today with
residential IPv6 service. "Local Network Protection for IPv6"
[RFC4864] recommends applying stateful packet filtering at
residential IPv6 gateways that conforms to the user expectations
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already in place.
Conventional stateful packet filters activate new states as a side
effect of forwarding outbound flow initiations from interior network
nodes. This requires applications to have advance knowledge of the
addresses of exterior nodes with which they expect to communicate.
Several proposals are currently under consideration for allowing
applications to solicit inbound traffic from exterior nodes without
advance knowledge of their addresses. While consensus within the
Internet engineering community has emerged that such protocols are
necessary to implement in residential IPv6 residential gateways, the
best current practice has not yet been established.
2.1. Basic Sanitation
In addition to the functions required of all Internet routers
[RFC4294], residential gateways are expected to have basic stateless
filters for prohibiting certain kinds of traffic with invalid
headers, e.g. "martian" packets, spoofs, routing header type code
zero, etc. (See Section 3.1 for more details.)
Conversely, simple Internet gateways are not expected to prohibit the
development of new applications. In particular, packets with end-to-
end network security and routing extension headers for mobility are
expected to pass Internet gateways freely.
Finally, Internet gateways that route multicast traffic are expected
to implement appropriate filters for multicast traffic to limit the
scope of multicast groups that span the demarcation between
residential networks and service provider networks.
2.2. Internet Layer Protocols
As virtual private networking tunnels are regarded as an unacceptably
wide attack surface, this document recommends the DEFAULT operating
mode for residential IPv6 simple security is to treat Generic Packet
Tunneling [RFC2473] and similar protocols as opaque transport layers,
i.e. inbound tunnel initiations are denied and outbound tunnel
initiations are accepted.
IPsec transport and tunnel modes are explicitly secured by
definition, so this document recommends the DEFAULT operating mode
permit IPsec. To facilitate the use of IPsec in support of IPv6
Mobility, Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol [RFC5996] and "Host
Identity Protocol (HIP)" [RFC5201] should also be permitted in the
DEFAULT operating mode.
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2.3. Transport Layer Protocols
IPv6 simple security functions are principally concerned with the
stateful filtering of Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6)
[RFC4443] and transport layers like User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
[RFC0768], Lightweight User Datagram Protocol (UDP-Lite) [RFC3828],
Transport Control Protocol (TCP) [RFC0793], the Stream Control
Transmission Protocol (SCTP) [RFC4960], the Datagram Congestion
Control Protocol (DCCP) [RFC4340], and potentially any standards-
track transport protocols to be defined in the future.
The general operating principle is that transport layer traffic is
not forwarded into the interior network of a residential IPv6 gateway
unless it has been solicited explicitly by interior transport
endpoints, e.g. by matching the reverse path for previously forwarded
outbound traffic, or by matching configured exceptions set by the
network administrator. All other traffic is expected to be discarded
or rejected with an ICMPv6 error message to indicate the traffic is
administratively prohibited.
3. Detailed Recommendations
This section describes the specific recommendations made by this
document in full detail. Section 4 is a summary.
Some recommended filters are to be applied to all traffic that passes
through residential Internet gateways regardless of the direction
they are to be forwarded. Other recommended filters are intended to
be sensitive to the "direction" of traffic flows. Applied to
bidirectional transport flows, "direction" has a specific meaning in
this document.
Packets are said to be "outbound" if they originate at nodes located
in the interior network for exterior destinations, and "inbound" if
they arrive from exterior sources with interior destinations.
Flows are said to be "outbound" if the originator of the initial
packet in any given transport association is an interior node and one
or more of the participants are located in the exterior. Flows are
said to be "inbound" if the originator of the initial packet is an
exterior node and one or more of the participants are nodes on the
interior network.
3.1. Stateless Filters
Certain kinds of IPv6 packets MUST NOT be forwarded in either
direction by residential Internet gateways regardless of network
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state. These include packets with multicast source addresses,
packets to destinations with certain non-routable and/or reserved
prefixes and packets with deprecated extension headers.
Other stateless filters are recommended to implement ingress
filtering (see [RFC2827] and [RFC3704]), to enforce multicast scope
boundaries, and to isolate certain local network services from the
public Internet.
REC-1: Packets which bear in their outer IPv6 headers multicast
source addresses MUST NOT be forwarded or transmitted on any
interface.
REC-2: Packets which bear in their outer IPv6 headers multicast
destination addresses of equal or narrower scope (see IPv6 Scoped
Address Architecture [RFC4007]) than the configured scope boundary
level of the gateway MUST NOT be forwarded in any direction. The
DEFAULT scope boundary level SHOULD be organization-local scope, and
it SHOULD be configurable by the network administrator.
REC-3: Packets bearing source and/or destination addresses forbidden
to appear in the outer headers of packets transmitted over the public
Internet MUST NOT be forwarded. In particular, site-local addresses
are deprecated by [RFC3879], and [RFC5156] explicitly forbids the use
of addresses with IPv4-Mapped, IPv4-Compatible, Documentation and
ORCHID prefixes.
REC-4: Packets bearing deprecated extension headers prior to their
first upper-layer-protocol header SHOULD NOT be forwarded or
transmitted on any interface. In particular, all packets with
routing extension header type 0 [RFC2460] preceding the first upper-
layer-protocol header MUST NOT be forwarded. See [RFC5095] for
additional background.
REC-5: Outbound packets MUST NOT be forwarded if the source address
in their outer IPv6 header does not have a unicast prefix configured
for use by globally reachable nodes on the interior network.
REC-6: Inbound packets MUST NOT be forwarded if the source address in
their outer IPv6 header has a global unicast prefix assigned for use
by globally reachable nodes on the interior network.
REC-7: By DEFAULT, packets with unique local source and/or
destination addresses [RFC4193] SHOULD NOT be forwarded to or from
the exterior network.
REC-8: By DEFAULT, inbound DNS queries received on exterior
interfaces MUST NOT be processed by any integrated DNS resolving
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server.
REC-9: Inbound DHCPv6 discovery packets [RFC3315] received on
exterior interfaces MUST NOT be processed by any integrated DHCPv6
server or relay agent.
NOTE WELL: nothing in this document relieves residential Internet
gateways, when processing headers to identify valid sequences of
upper-layer transport packets, from any of the requirements of the
Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification [RFC2460],
including any and all future updates and revisions.
3.2. Connection-free Filters
Some Internet applications use connection-free transport protocols
with no release semantics, e.g. UDP. These protocols pose a special
difficulty for stateful packet filters because most of the
application state is not carried at the transport level. State
records are created when communication is initiated and abandoned
when no further communication is detected after some period of time.
3.2.1. Internet Control and Management
Recommendations for filtering ICMPv6 messages in firewall devices are
described separately in [RFC4890] and apply to residential gateways
with the additional recommendation that incoming "Destination
Unreachable" and "Packet Too Big" error messages that don't match any
filtering state should be dropped.
REC-10: IPv6 gateways SHOULD NOT forward ICMPv6 "Destination
Unreachable" and "Packet Too Big" messages containing IP headers that
do not match generic upper-layer transport state records.
3.2.2. Upper-layer Transport Protocols
Residential IPv6 gateways are not expected to prohibit the use of
applications to be developed using future upper-layer transport
protocols. In particular, transport protocols not otherwise
discussed in subsequent sections of this document are expected to be
treated consistently, i.e. as having connection-free semantics and no
special requirements to inspect the transport headers.
In general, upper-layer transport filter state records are expected
to be created when an interior endpoint sends a packet to an exterior
address. The filter allocates (or reuses) a record for the duration
of communications, with an idle timer to delete the state record when
no further communications are detected.
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One key aspect of how a packet filter behaves is the way it evaluates
the exterior address of an enpoint when applying a filtering rule. A
gateway is said to have "endpoint independent filtering" behavior
when the exterior address is not evaluated when matching a packet
with a flow. A gateway is said to have "address dependent filtering"
behavior when the exterior address of a packet is required to match
the exterior address for its flow.
REC-11: If application transparency is most important, then a
stateful packet filter SHOULD have "endpoint independent filter"
behavior for generic upper-layer transport protocols. If a more
stringent filtering behavior is most important, then a filter SHOULD
have "address dependent filtering" behavior. The filtering behavior
MAY be an option configurable by the network administrator, and it
MAY be independent of the filtering behavior for other protocols.
Filtering behavior SHOULD be endpoint independent by DEFAULT in
gateways intended for provisioning without service-provider
management.
REC-12: Filter state records for generic upper-layer transport
protocols MUST NOT be deleted or recycled until an idle timer not
less than two minutes has expired without having forwarded a packet
matching the state in some configurable amount of time. By DEFAULT,
the idle timer for such state records is five minutes.
The Internet security community is never completely at rest. New
attack surfaces, and vulnerabilities in them, are typically
discovered faster than they can be patched by normal equipment
upgrade cycles. It's therefore important for vendors of residential
gateway equipment to provide automatic softare updates to patch
vulnerabilties as they are discovered.
REC-13: Residential IPv6 gateways SHOULD provide a convenient means
to update their firmware securely, for the installation of security
patches and other manufacturer-recommended changes.
Vendors can expect users and operators to have differing viewpoints
on the maintenance of patches, with some preferring automatic update
and some preferring manual procedures. Those preferring automatic
update may also prefer either to download from a vendor site or from
one managed by their network provider. To handle the disparity,
vendors are advised to provide both manual and automatic options. In
the automatic case, they would do well to facilitate pre-
configuration of the download URL and a means of validating the
software image such as a certificate.
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3.2.3. UDP Filters
"Network Address Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for
Unicast UDP" [RFC4787] defines the terminology and best current
practice for stateful filtering of UDP applications in IPv4 with NAT,
which serves as the model for behavioral requirements for simple UDP
security in IPv6 gateways, notwithstanding the requirements related
specifically to network address translation.
An interior endpoint initiates a UDP flow through a stateful packet
filter by sending a packet to an exterior address. The filter
allocates (or reuses) a filter state record for the duration of the
flow. The state record defines the interior and exterior IP
addresses and ports used between all packets in the flow.
State records for UDP flows remain active while they are in use and
only abandoned after an idle period of some time.
REC-14: A state record for a UDP flow where both source and
destination ports are outside the well-known port range (ports
0-1023) MUST NOT expire in less than two minutes of idle time. The
value of the UDP state record idle timer MAY be configurable. The
DEFAULT is five minutes.
REC-15: A state record for a UDP flow where one or both of the source
and destination ports are in the well-known port range (ports 0-1023)
MAY expire after a period of idle time shorter than two minutes to
facilitate the operation of the IANA-registered service assigned to
the port in question.
As [RFC4787] notes, outbound refresh is necessary for allowing the
interior endpoint to keep the state record alive. Inbound refresh
may be useful for applications with no outbound UDP traffic.
However, allowing inbound refresh can allow an attacker in the
exterior or a misbehaving application to keep a state record alive
indefinitely. This could be a security risk. Also, if the process
is repeated with different ports, over time, it could use up all the
state record memory and resources in the filter.
REC-16: A state record for a UDP flow MUST be refreshed when a packet
is forwarded from the interior to the exterior, and it MAY be
refreshed when a packet is forwarded in the reverse direction.
As described in Section 5.5 of [RFC4787], the connection-free
semantics of UDP pose a difficulty for packet filters in trying to
recognize which packets comprise an application flow and which are
unsolicited. Various strategies have been used in IPv4/NAT gateways
with differing effects.
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REC-17: If application transparency is most important, then a
stateful packet filter SHOULD have "endpoint independent filter"
behavior for UDP. If a more stringent filtering behavior is most
important, then a filter SHOULD have "address dependent filtering"
behavior. The filtering behavior MAY be an option configurable by
the network administrator, and it MAY be independent of the filtering
behavior for TCP and other protocols. Filtering behavior SHOULD be
endpoint independent by DEFAULT in gateways intended for provisioning
without service-provider management.
Applications mechanisms may depend on the reception of ICMPv6 error
messages triggered by the transmission of UDP messages. One such
mechanism is path MTU discovery.
REC-18: If a gateway forwards a UDP flow, it MUST also forward ICMPv6
"Destination Unreachable" and "Packet Too Big" messages containing
UDP headers that match the flow state record.
REC-19: Receipt of any sort of ICMPv6 message MUST NOT terminate the
state record for a UDP flow.
REC-20: UDP-Lite flows [RFC3828] SHOULD be handled in the same way as
UDP flows, except that the upper-layer transport protocol identifier
for UDP-Lite is not the same as UDP, and therefore UDP packets MUST
NOT match UDP-Lite state records, and vice versa.
3.2.4. IPsec and Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
The Internet protocol security suite (IPsec) offers greater
flexibility and better overall security than the simple security of
stateful packet filtering at network perimeters. Therefore,
residential IPv6 gateways need not prohibit IPsec traffic flows.
REC-21: In their DEFAULT operating mode, IPv6 gateways MUST NOT
prohibit the forwarding of packets, to and from legitimate node
addresses, with destination extension headers of type "Authenticated
Header (AH)" [RFC4302] in their outer IP extension header chain.
REC-22: In their DEFAULT operating mode, IPv6 gateways MUST NOT
prohibit the forwarding of packets, to and from legitimate node
addresses, with an upper layer protocol of type "Encapsulating
Security Payload (ESP)" [RFC4303] in their outer IP extension header
chain.
REC-23: If a gateway forwards an ESP flow, it MUST also forward (in
the reverse direction) ICMPv6 "Destination Unreachable" and "Packet
Too Big" messages containing ESP headers that match the flow state
record.
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Internet Key Exchange (IKE) is a secure mechanism for performing
mutual authentication, exchanging cryptographic material and
establishing IPsec Security Associations between peers. Residential
IPv6 gateways are expected to facilitate the use of IPsec security
policies by allowing inbound IKE flows.
REC-24: In their DEFAULT operating mode, IPv6 gateways MUST NOT
prohibit the forwarding of any UDP packets, to and from legitimate
node addresses, with a destination port of 500, i.e. the port
reserved by IANA for the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol
[RFC5996].
REC-25: In all operating modes, IPv6 gateways SHOULD use filter state
records for Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) [RFC4303] that are
indexable by a 3-tuple comprising the interior node address, the
exterior node address and the ESP protocol identifier. In
particular, the IPv4/NAT method of indexing state records also by
security parameters index (SPI) SHOULD NOT be used. Likewise, any
mechanism that depends on detection of Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
[RFC5996] initiations SHOULD NOT be used.
"Host Identity Protocol (HIP)" is a secure mechanism for establishing
host identity and secure communications between authenticated hosts.
Residential IPv6 gateways need not prohibit inbound HIP flows.
REC-26: In their DEFAULT operating mode, IPv6 gateways MUST NOT
prohibit the forwarding of packets, to and from legitimate node
addresses, with destination extension headers of type "Host Identity
Protocol (HIP)" [RFC5201] in their outer IP extension header chain.
3.2.5. Mobility Support in IPv6
Mobility support in IPv6 [RFC3775] relies on the use of an
encapsulation mechanism in flows between mobile nodes and their
correspondent nodes, involving the use of the type 2 IPv6 routing
header, the Home Address destination header option and the Mobility
extension header. In contrast to mobility support in IPv4, mobility
is a standard feature of IPv6, and no security benefit is generally
to be gained by denying communications with either interior or
exterior mobile nodes.
Not all usage scenarios of Mobility support in IPv6 are expected to
compatible with IPv6 simple security. In particular, exterior mobile
nodes are expected to be prohibited from establishing bindings with
interior correspondent nodes by the filtering of unsolicited inbound
Mobility Header messages unless they are the subject of an IPsec
security policy.
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REC-27: The state records for flows initiated by outbound packets
that bear a Home Address destination option [RFC3775] are
distinguished by the addition of the home address of the flow as well
as the interior care-of address. IPv6 gateways MUST NOT prohibit the
forwarding of any inbound packets bearing type 2 routing headers,
which otherwise match a flow state record, and where A) the address
in the destination field of the IPv6 header matches the interior
care-of address of the flow, and B) the Home Address field in the
Type 2 Routing Header matches the home address of the flow.
REC-28: Valid sequences of Mobility Header [RFC3775] packets MUST be
forwarded for all outbound and explicitly permitted inbound Mobility
Header flows.
REC-29: If a gateway forwards a Mobility Header [RFC3775] flow, then
it MUST also forward, in both directions, the IPv4 and IPv6 packets
that are encapsulated in IPv6 associated with the tunnel between the
home agent and the correspondent node.
REC-30: If a gateway forwards a Mobility Header [RFC3775] flow, then
it MUST also forward (in the reverse direction) ICMPv6 "Destination
Unreachable" and "Packet Too Big" messages containing any headers
that match the associated flow state records.
3.3. Connection-oriented Filters
Most Internet applications use connection-oriented transport
protocols with orderly release semantics. These protocols include
TCP, SCTP, DCCP, and potentially any future IETF standards-track
transport protocols that use such semantics. Stateful packet filters
track the state of individual transport flows and prohibit the
forwarding of packets that do not match the state of an active flow
and do not conform to a rule for the automatic creation of such
state.
3.3.1. TCP Filters
An interior endpoint initiates a TCP flow through a stateful packet
filter by sending a SYN packet. The filter allocates (or reuses) a
filter state record for the flow. The state record defines the
interior and exterior IP addresses and ports used for forwarding all
packets for that flow.
Some peer-to-peer applications use an alternate method of connection
initiation termed simultaneous-open (Fig. 8, [RFC0793]) to traverse
stateful filters. In the simultaneous-open mode of operation, both
peers send SYN packets for the same TCP flow. The SYN packets cross
in the network. Upon receiving the other end's SYN packet, each end
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responds with a SYN-ACK packet, which also cross in the network. The
connection is established at each endpoint once the SYN-ACK packets
are received.
To provide stateful packet filtering service for TCP, it is necessary
for a filter to receive, process and forward all packets for a flow
that conform to valid transitions of the TCP state machine (Fig. 6,
[RFC0793]).
REC-31: All valid sequences of TCP packets (defined in [RFC0793])
MUST be forwarded for outbound flows and explicitly permitted inbound
flows. In particular, both the normal TCP 3-way handshake mode of
operation and the simultaneous-open modes of operation MUST be
supported.
It is possible to reconstruct enough of the state of a TCP flow to
allow forwarding between an interior and exterior node even when the
filter starts operating after TCP enters the established state. In
this case, because the filter has not seen the TCP window-scale
option, it is not possible for the filter to enforce the TCP window
invariant by dropping out-of-window segments.
REC-32: The TCP window invariant MUST NOT be enforced on flows for
which the filter did not detect whether the window-scale option (see
[RFC1323]) was sent in the 3-way handshake or simultaneous open.
A stateful filter can allow an existing state record to be reused by
an externally initiated flow if its security policy permits. Several
different policies are possible as described in [RFC4787] and
extended in [RFC5382].
REC-33: If application transparency is most important, then a
stateful packet filter SHOULD have "endpoint independent filter"
behavior for TCP. If a more stringent filtering behavior is most
important, then a filter SHOULD have "address dependent filtering"
behavior. The filtering behavior MAY be an option configurable by
the network administrator, and it MAY be independent of the filtering
behavior for UDP and other protocols. Filtering behavior SHOULD be
endpoint independent by DEFAULT in gateways intended for provisioning
without service-provider management.
If an inbound SYN packet is filtered, either because a corresponding
state record does not exist or because of the filter's normal
behavior, a filter has two basic choices: to discard the packet
silently, or to signal an error to the sender. Signaling an error
through ICMPv6 messages allows the sender to detect that the SYN did
not reach the intended destination. Discarding the packet, on the
other hand, allows applications to perform simultaneous-open more
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reliably. A more detailed discussion of this issue can be found in
[RFC5382], but the basic outcome of it is that filters need to wait
on signaling errors until simultaneous-open will not be impaired.
REC-34: By DEFAULT, a gateway MUST respond with an ICMPv6
"Destination Unreachable" error code 1 (administratively prohibited)
to any unsolicited inbound SYN packet after waiting at least 6
seconds without first forwarding the associated outbound SYN or SYN/
ACK from the interior peer.
A TCP filter maintains state associated with in-progress connections
and established flows. Because of this, a filter is susceptible to a
resource-exhaustion attack whereby an attacker (or virus) on the
interior attempts to cause the filter to exhaust its capacity for
creating state records. To defend against such attacks, a filter
needs to abandon unused state records after a sufficiently long
period of idleness.
A common method used for TCP filters in IPv4/NAT gateways is to
abandon preferentially flow state records for crashed endpoints,
followed by closed flows and partially-open flows. A gateway can
check if an endpoint for a session has crashed by sending a TCP keep-
alive packet on behalf of the other endpoint and receiving a TCP RST
packet in response. If the gateway cannot determine whether the
endpoint is active, then the associated state record needs to be
retained until the TCP flow has been idle for some time. Note: an
established TCP flow can stay idle (but live) indefinitely; hence,
there is no fixed value for an idle-timeout that accommodates all
applications. However, a large idle-timeout motivated by
recommendations in [RFC1122] and [RFC4294] can reduce the chances of
abandoning a live flow.
TCP flows can stay in the established phase indefinitely without
exchanging packets. Some end-hosts can be configured to send keep-
alive packets on such idle flows; by default, such packets are sent
every two hours, if enabled [RFC1122]. Consequently, a filter that
waits for slightly over two hours can detect idle flows with keep-
alive packets being sent at the default rate. TCP flows in the
partially-open or closing phases, on the other hand, can stay idle
for at most four minutes while waiting for in-flight packets to be
delivered [RFC1122].
The "established flow idle-timeout" for a stateful packet filter is
defined as the minimum time a TCP flow in the established phase must
remain idle before the filter considers the associated state record a
candidate for collection. The "transitory flow idle-timeout" for a
filter is defined as the minimum time a TCP flow in the partially-
open or closing phases must remain idle before the filter considers
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the associated state record a candidate for collection. TCP flows in
the TIME_WAIT state are not affected by the "transitory flow idle-
timeout" parameter.
REC-35: If a gateway cannot determine whether the endpoints of a TCP
flow are active, then it MAY abandon the state record if it has been
idle for some time. In such cases, the value of the "established
flow idle-timeout" MUST NOT be less than two hours four minutes, as
discussed in [RFC5382]. The value of the "transitory flow idle-
timeout" MUST NOT be less than four minutes. The value of the idle-
timeouts MAY be configurable by the network administrator.
Behavior for handing RST packets, or TCP flows in the TIME_WAIT state
is left unspecified. A gateway MAY hold state for a flow in
TIME_WAIT state to accommodate retransmissions of the last ACK.
However, since the TIME_WAIT state is commonly encountered by
interior endpoints properly closing the TCP flow, holding state for a
closed flow can limit the throughput of flows through a gateway with
limited resources. [RFC1337] discusses hazards associated with
TIME_WAIT assassination.
The handling of non-SYN packets for which there is no active state
record is left unspecified. Such packets can be received if the
gateway abandons a live flow, or abandons a flow in the TIME_WAIT
state before the four minute TIME_WAIT period expires. The decision
either to discard or to respond with an ICMPv6 "Destination
Unreachable" error code 1 (administratively prohibited) is left up to
the implementation.
Behavior for notifying endpoints when abandoning live flows is left
unspecified. When a gateway abandons a live flow, for example due to
a timeout expiring, the filter MAY send a TCP RST packet to each
endpoint on behalf of the other. Sending a RST notification allows
endpoint applications to recover more quickly, however, notifying
endpoints might not always be possible if, for example, state records
are lost due to power interruption.
Several TCP mechanisms depend on the reception of ICMPv6 error
messages triggered by the transmission of TCP segments. One such
mechanism is path MTU discovery, which is required for correct
operation of TCP.
REC-36: If a gateway forwards a TCP flow, it MUST also forward ICMPv6
"Destination Unreachable" and "Packet Too Big" messages containing
TCP headers that match the flow state record.
REC-37: Receipt of any sort of ICMPv6 message MUST NOT terminate the
state record for a TCP flow.
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3.3.2. SCTP Filters
Because Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) [RFC4960] flows
can be terminated at multiple network addresses, IPv6 simple security
functions cannot achieve full transparency for SCTP applications. In
multipath traversal scenarios, full transparency requires
coordination between all the packet filter processes in the various
paths between the endpoint network addresses. Such coordination is
not "simple" and it is, therefore, beyond the scope of this
recommendation.
However, some SCTP applications are capable of tolerating the
inherent unipath restriction of IPv6 simple security, even in
multipath traversal scenarios. They expect similar connection-
oriented filtering behaviors as for TCP, but at the level of SCTP
associations, not stream connections. This section describes
specific recommendations for SCTP filtering for such traversal
scenarios.
An interior endpoint initiates SCTP associations through a stateful
packet filter by sending a packet comprising a single INIT chunk.
The filter allocates (or reuses) a filter state record for the
association. The state record defines the interior and exterior IP
addresses and the observed verification tag used for forwarding
packets in that association.
Peer-to-peer applications use an alternate method of association
initiation termed simultaneous-open to traverse stateful filters. In
the simultaneous-open mode of operation, both peers send INIT chunks
at the same time to establish an association. Upon receiving the
other end's INIT chunk, each end responds with an INIT-ACK packet,
which is expected to traverse the same path in reverse. Because only
one SCTP association may exist between any two network addresses, one
of the peers in simultaneous-open mode of operation will send an
ERROR or ABORT chunk along with the INIT-ACK chunk. The association
is established at each endpoint once an INIT-ACK chunks is received
at one end without an ERROR or ABORT chunk.
To provide stateful packet filtering service for SCTP, it is
necessary for a filter to receive, process and forward all packets
for an association that conform to valid transitions of the SCTP
state machine (Fig. 3, [RFC4960]).
REC-38: All valid sequences of SCTP packets (defined in [RFC4960])
MUST be forwarded for outbound associations and explicitly permitted
inbound associations. In particular, both the normal SCTP
association establishment and simultaneous-open modes of operation
MUST be supported.
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If an inbound INIT packet is filtered, either because a corresponding
state record does not exist or because of the filter's normal
behavior, a filter has two basic choices: to discard the packet
silently, or to signal an error to the sender. Signaling an error
through ICMPv6 messages allows the sender to detect that the INIT
packet did not reach the intended destination. Discarding the
packet, on the other hand, allows applications to perform
simultaneous-open more reliably. Delays in signaling errors can
prevent the impairment of simultaneous-open mode of operation.
REC-39: By DEFAULT, a gateway MUST respond with an ICMPv6
"Destination Unreachable" error code 1 (administratively prohibited),
to any unsolicited inbound INIT packet after waiting at least 6
seconds without first forwarding the associated outbound INIT from
the interior peer.
An SCTP filter maintains state associated with in-progress and
established associations. Because of this, a filter is susceptible
to a resource-exhaustion attack whereby an attacker (or virus) on the
interior attempts to cause the filter to exhaust its capacity for
creating state records. To defend against such attacks, a filter
needs to abandon unused state records after a sufficiently long
period of idleness.
A common method used for TCP filters in IPv4/NAT gateways is to
abandon preferentially sessions for crashed endpoints, followed by
closed associations and partially opened associations. A similar
method is an option for SCTP filters in IPv6 gateways. A gateway can
check if an endpoint for an association has crashed by sending
HEARTBEAT chunks and looking for the HEARTBEAT ACK response. If the
gateway cannot determine whether the endpoint is active, then the
associated state records needs to be retained until the SCTP
association has been idle for some time. Note: an established SCTP
association can stay idle (but live) indefinitely, hence there is no
fixed value of an idle-timeout that accommodates all applications.
However, a large idle-timeout motivated by [RFC4294] can reduce the
chances of abandoning a live association.
SCTP associations can stay in the ESTABLISHED state indefinitely
without exchanging packets. Some end-hosts can be configured to send
HEARTBEAT chunks on such idle associations, but [RFC4960] does not
specify (or even suggest) a default time interval. A filter that
waits for slightly over two hours can detect idle associations with
HEARTBEAT packets being sent at the same rate as most hosts use for
TCP keep-alive, which is a reasonably similar system for this
purpose. SCTP associations in the partially-open or closing states,
on the other hand, can stay idle for at most four minutes while
waiting for in-flight packets to be delivered (assuming the suggested
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SCTP protocol parameter values in Section 15 of [RFC4960]).
The "established association idle-timeout" for a stateful packet
filter is defined as the minimum time an SCTP association in the
established phase must remain idle before the filter considers the
corresponding state record a candidate for collection. The
"transitory association idle-timeout" for a filter is defined as the
minimum time an SCTP association in the partially-open or closing
phases must remain idle before the filter considers the corresponding
state record a candidate for collection.
REC-40: If a gateway cannot determine whether the endpoints of an
SCTP association are active, then it MAY abandon the state record if
it has been idle for some time. In such cases, the value of the
"established association idle-timeout" MUST NOT be less than two
hours four minutes. The value of the "transitory association idle-
timeout" MUST NOT be less than four minutes. The value of the idle-
timeouts MAY be configurable by the network administrator.
Behavior for handling ERROR and ABORT packets is left unspecified. A
gateway MAY hold state for an association after its closing phases
have completed to accommodate retransmissions of its final SHUTDOWN
ACK packets. However, holding state for a closed association can
limit the throughput of associations traversing a gateway with
limited resources. The discussion in [RFC1337] regarding the hazards
of TIME_WAIT assassination are relevant.
The handling of inbound non-INIT packets for which there is no active
state record is left unspecified. Such packets can be received if
the gateway abandons a live flow, or abandons an association in the
closing states before the transitory association idle-timeout
expires. The decision either to discard or to respond with an ICMPv6
"Destination Unreachable" error code 1 (administratively prohibited)
is left to the implementation.
Behavior for notifying endpoints when abandoning live associations is
left unspecified. When a gateway abandons a live association, for
example due to a timeout expiring, the filter MAY send an ABORT
packet to each endpoint on behalf of the other. Sending an ABORT
notification allows endpoint applications to recover more quickly,
however, notifying endpoints might not always be possible if, for
example, state records are lost due to power interruption.
Several SCTP mechanisms depend on the reception of ICMPv6 error
messages triggered by the transmission of SCTP packets.
REC-41: If a gateway forwards an SCTP association, it MUST also
forward ICMPv6 "Destination Unreachable" and "Packet Too Big"
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messages containing SCTP headers that match the association state
record.
REC-42: Receipt of any sort of ICMPv6 message MUST NOT terminate the
state record for an SCTP association.
3.3.3. DCCP Filters
The connection semantics described in Datagram Congestion Control
Protocol (DCCP) [RFC4340] are very similar to those of TCP. An
interior endpoint initiates a DCCP flow through a stateful packet
filter by sending a DCCP-Request packet. Simultaneous open is not
defined for DCCP.
In order to provide stateful packet filtering service for DCCP, it is
necessary for a filter to receive, process and forward all packets
for a flow that conform to valid transitions of the DCCP state
machine (Section 8, [RFC4340]).
REC-43: All valid sequences of DCCP packets (defined in [RFC4340])
MUST be forwarded for all flows to exterior servers and those flows
to interior servers with explicitly permitted service codes.
It is possible to reconstruct enough of the state of a DCCP flow to
allow forwarding between an interior and exterior node even when the
filter starts operating after DCCP enters the OPEN state. Also, a
filter can allow an existing state record to be reused by an
externally initiated flow if its security policy permits. As with
TCP, several different policies are possible, with a good discussion
of the issue involved presented in [RFC4787] and extended in
[RFC5382].
If an inbound DCCP-Request packet is filtered, either because a
corresponding state record does not already exist for it or because
of the filter's normal behavior of refusing flows not explicitly
permitted, then a filter has two basic choices: to discard the packet
silently, or to signal an error to the sender. Signaling an error
through ICMPv6 messages allows the sender to detect that the DCCP-
Request did not reach the intended destination. Discarding the
packet, on the other hand, only delays the failure to connect and
provides no measurable security.
A DCCP filter maintains state associated with in-progress connections
and established flows. Because of this, a filter is susceptible to a
resource-exhaustion attack whereby an attacker (or virus) on the
interior attempts to cause the filter to exhaust its capacity for
creating state records. To prevent such an attack, a filter needs to
abandon unused state records after a sufficiently long period of
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idleness.
A common method used for TCP filters in IPv4/NAT gateways is to
abandon preferentially sessions for crashed endpoints, followed by
closed TCP flows and partially-open flows. No such method exists for
DCCP, and flows can stay in the OPEN phase indefinitely without
exchanging packets. Hence, there is no fixed value for an idle-
timeout that accommodates all applications. However, a large idle-
timeout motivated by [RFC4294] can reduce the chances of abandoning a
live flow.
DCCP flows in the partially-open or closing phases can stay idle for
at most eight minutes while waiting for in-flight packets to be
delivered.
The "open flow idle-timeout" for a stateful packet filter is defined
as the minimum time a DCCP flow in the open state must remain idle
before the filter considers the associated state record a candidate
for collection. The "transitory flow idle-timeout" for a filter is
defined as the minimum time a DCCP flow in the partially-open or
closing phases must remain idle before the filter considers the
associated state record a candidate for collection. DCCP flows in
the TIMEWAIT state are not affected by the "transitory flow idle-
timeout" parameter.
REC-44: A gateway MAY abandon a DCCP state record if it has been idle
for some time. In such cases, the value of the "established flow
idle-timeout" MUST NOT be less than two hours four minutes. The
value of the "transitory flow idle-timeout" MUST NOT be less than
eight minutes. The value of the idle-timeouts MAY be configurable by
the network administrator.
Behavior for handing DCCP-Reset packets, or flows in the TIMEWAIT
state is left unspecified. A gateway MAY hold state for a flow in
TIMEWAIT state to accommodate retransmissions of the last DCCP-Reset.
However, since the TIMEWAIT state is commonly encountered by interior
endpoints properly closing the DCCP flow, holding state for a closed
flow can limit the throughput of flows through a gateway with limited
resources. [RFC1337] discusses hazards associated with TIME_WAIT
assassination in TCP, and similar hazards exists for DCCP.
The handling of non-SYN packets for which there is no active state
record is left unspecified. Such packets can be received if the
gateway abandons a live flow, or abandons a flow in the TIMEWAIT
state before the four minute 2MSL period expires. The decision
either to discard or to respond with an ICMPv6 "Destination
Unreachable" error code 1 (administratively prohibited) is left up to
the implementation.
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Behavior for notifying endpoints when abandoning live flows is left
unspecified. When a gateway abandons a live flow, for example due to
a timeout expiring, the filter MAY send a DCCP-Reset packet to each
endpoint on behalf of the other. Sending a DCCP-Reset notification
allows endpoint applications to recover more quickly, however,
notifying endpoints might not always be possible if, for example,
state records are lost due to power interruption.
Several DCCP mechanisms depend on the reception of ICMPv6 error
messages triggered by the transmission of DCCP packets. One such
mechanism is path MTU discovery, which is required for correct
operation.
REC-45: If an Internet gateway forwards a DCCP flow, it MUST also
forward ICMPv6 "Destination Unreachable" and "Packet Too Big"
messages containing DCCP headers that match the flow state record.
REC-46: Receipt of any sort of ICMPv6 message MUST NOT terminate the
state record for a DCCP flow.
3.3.4. Level 3 Multihoming Shim Protocol for IPv6 (SHIM6)
While IPv6 simple security is applicable to residential networks with
only one Internet service provider at a time, the use of Level 3
Multihoming Shim Protocol for IPv6 (SHIM6) [RFC5533] is necessary for
communications with some multihomed exterior destinations. No
special recommendations are made in this document for processing the
SHIM6 message format (protocol 140) beyond the recommendations in
Section 3.2.2. The content of the SHIM6 payload extension header may
be ignored.
REC-47: Valid sequences of packets bearing SHIM6 payload extension
headers in their outer IP extension header chains MUST be forwarded
for all outbound and explicitly permitted flows. The content of the
SHIM6 payload extension header MAY be ignored for the purpose of
state tracking.
3.4. Passive Listeners
Some applications expect to solicit traffic from exterior nodes
without advance knowledge of the exterior addresses of their peers.
This requirement is met by IPv4/NAT gateways typically by the use of
either [I-D.cheshire-nat-pmp] or [UPnP-IGD]. On IPv4/NAT networks
connected by gateways without such services, applications must use
techniques like Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) [RFC5389]
to obtain and maintain connectivity, despite the translation and
filtering effects of NAT.
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While NAT for IPv6 is unlikely to be used in most residential
gateways, the filtering effect of the simple security functions
recommended by this document are derived from those in widespread use
on the IPv4 Internet, and a similar barrier to communication at
passive listeners is a natural outcome of its deployment. To avoid
the need for IPv6 applications to use techniques like STUN for
opening and maintaining dynamic filter state, something similar to
NAT-PMP and UPnP-IGD but without actually supporting NAT could be
deployed. Alas, no consensus has yet emerged in the Internet
engineering community as to what is most appropriate for residential
IPv6 usage scenarios.
One proposal that has been offered as an Internet Draft is the
Application Listener Discovery Protocol [I-D.woodyatt-ald]. It
remains to be seen whether the Internet Gateway Device profile of the
Universal Plug And Play protocol will be extended for IPv6. Other
proposals of note include the Middlebox Communication Protocol
[RFC5189] and the Next Steps in Signaling framework [RFC4080]. Until
a consensus emerges around a specific method, the following
recommendations are the best guidance available.
REC-48: Internet gateways with IPv6 simple security capabilities
SHOULD implement a protocol to permit applications to solicit inbound
traffic without advance knowledge of the addresses of exterior nodes
with which they expect to communicate.
REC-49: Internet gateways with IPv6 simple security capabilities MUST
provide an easily selected configuration option that permits a
"transparent mode" of operation that forwards all unsolicited flows
regardless of forwarding direction, i.e. not to use the IPv6 simple
security capabilities of the gateway. The transparent mode of
operation MAY be the default configuration.
In general, "transparent mode" will enable more flexibility and
reliability for applications which require devices to be contacted
inside the home directly, particularly in absence of a protocol as
described in REC-48. Operating in transparent mode may come at the
expense of security if there are IPv6 nodes in the home that do not
have their own host-based firewall capability and require a firewall
in the gateway in order not to be compromised.
3.5. Management Applications
Subscriber managed residential gateways are unlikely ever to be
completely zero-configuration, but their administrators will very
often possess no particular expertise in Internet engineering. In
general, the specification of management interfaces for residential
gateways is out of scope for this document, but security of
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subscriber managed gateways merit special attention here.
REC-50: By DEFAULT, subscriber managed residential gateways MUST NOT
offer management application services to the exterior network.
4. Summary of Recommendations
This section collects all of the recommendations made in this
document into a convenient list.
REC-1 Packets bearing in their outer IPv6 headers multicast source
addresses MUST NOT be forwarded or transmitted on any
interface.
REC-2 Packets which bear in their outer IPv6 headers multicast
destination addresses of equal or narrower scope (see IPv6
Scoped Address Architecture [RFC4007]) than the configured
scope boundary level of the gateway MUST NOT be forwarded in
any direction. The DEFAULT scope boundary level SHOULD be
organization-local scope, and it SHOULD be configurable by
the network administrator.
REC-3 Packets bearing source and/or destination addresses forbidden
to appear in the outer headers of packets transmitted over
the public Internet MUST NOT be forwarded. In particular,
site-local addresses are deprecated by [RFC3879], and
[RFC5156] explicitly forbids the use of addresses with IPv4-
Mapped, IPv4-Compatible, Documentation and ORCHID prefixes.
REC-4 Packets bearing deprecated extension headers prior to their
first upper-layer-protocol header SHOULD NOT be forwarded or
transmitted on any interface. In particular, all packets
with routing extension header type 0 [RFC2460] preceding the
first upper-layer-protocol header MUST NOT be forwarded.
(See [RFC5095] for additional background.)
REC-5 Outbound packets MUST NOT be forwarded if the source address
in their outer IPv6 header does not have a unicast prefix
assigned for use by globally reachable nodes on the interior
network.
REC-6 Inbound packets MUST NOT be forwarded if the source address
in their outer IPv6 header has a global unicast prefix
assigned for use by globally reachable nodes on the interior
network.
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REC-7 By DEFAULT, packets with unique local source and/or
destination addresses [RFC4193] SHOULD NOT be forwarded to or
from the exterior network.
REC-8 By DEFAULT, inbound DNS queries received on exterior
interfaces MUST NOT be processed by any integrated DNS
resolving server.
REC-9 Inbound DHCPv6 discovery packets [RFC3315] received on
exterior interfaces MUST NOT be processed by any integrated
DHCPv6 server or relay agent.
REC-10 IPv6 gateways MUST forward ICMPv6 "Destination Unreachable"
and "Packet Too Big" messages containing IP headers that
match generic upper-layer transport state records.
REC-11 If application transparency is most important, then a
stateful packet filter SHOULD have "endpoint independent
filter" behavior for generic upper-layer transport protocols.
If a more stringent filtering behavior is most important,
then a filter SHOULD have "address dependent filtering"
behavior. The filtering behavior MAY be an option
configurable by the network administrator, and it MAY be
independent of the filtering behavior for other protocols.
Filtering behavior SHOULD be endpoint independent by DEFAULT
in gateways intended for provisioning without service-
provider management.
REC-12 Filter state records for generic upper-layer transport
protocols MUST NOT be deleted or recycled until an idle timer
not less than two minutes has expired without having
forwarded a packet matching the state in some configurable
amount of time. By DEFAULT, the idle timer for such state
records is five minutes.
REC-13 Residential IPv6 gateways SHOULD provide a convenient means
to update their firmware securely, for the installation of
security patches and other manufacturer-recommended changes.
REC-14 A state record for a UDP flow where both source and
destination ports are outside the well-known port range
(ports 0-1023) MUST NOT expire in less than two minutes of
idle time. The value of the UDP state record idle timer MAY
be configurable. The DEFAULT is five minutes.
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REC-15 A state record for a UDP flow where one or both of the source
and destination ports are in the well-known port range (ports
0-1023) MAY expire after a period of idle time shorter than
two minutes to facilitate the operation of the IANA-
registered service assigned to the port in question.
REC-16 A state record for a UDP flow MUST be refreshed when a packet
is forwarded from the interior to the exterior, and it MAY be
refreshed when a packet is forwarded in the reverse
direction.
REC-17 If application transparency is most important, then a
stateful packet filter SHOULD have "endpoint independent
filter" behavior for UDP. If a more stringent filtering
behavior is most important, then a filter SHOULD have
"address dependent filtering" behavior. The filtering
behavior MAY be an option configurable by the network
administrator, and it MAY be independent of the filtering
behavior for TCP and other protocols. Filtering behavior
SHOULD be endpoint independent by DEFAULT in gateways
intended for provisioning without service-provider
management.
REC-18 If a gateway forwards a UDP flow, it MUST also forward ICMPv6
"Destination Unreachable" and "Packet Too Big" messages
containing UDP headers that match the flow state record.
REC-19 Receipt of any sort of ICMPv6 message MUST NOT terminate the
state record for a UDP flow.
REC-20 UDP-Lite flows [RFC3828] SHOULD be handled in the same way as
UDP flows, except that the upper-layer transport protocol
identifier for UDP-Lite is not the same as UDP, and therefore
UDP packets MUST NOT match UDP-Lite state records, and vice
versa.
REC-21 In their DEFAULT operating mode, IPv6 gateways MUST NOT
prohibit the forwarding of packets, to and from legitimate
node addresses, with destination extension headers of type
"Authenticated Header (AH)" [RFC4302] in their outer IP
extension header chain.
REC-22 In their DEFAULT operating mode, IPv6 gateways MUST NOT
prohibit the forwarding of packets, to and from legitimate
node addresses, with an upper layer protocol of type
"Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)" [RFC4303] in their
outer IP extension header chain.
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REC-23 If a gateway forwards an ESP flow, it MUST also forward (in
the reverse direction) ICMPv6 "Destination Unreachable" and
"Packet Too Big" messages containing ESP headers that match
the flow state record.
REC-24 In their DEFAULT operating mode, IPv6 gateways MUST NOT
prohibit the forwarding of any UDP packets, to and from
legitimate node addresses, with a destination port of 500,
i.e. the port reserved by IANA for the Internet Key Exchange
Protocol [RFC5996].
REC-25 In all operating modes, IPv6 gateways SHOULD use filter state
records for Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) [RFC4303]
that are indexable by a 3-tuple comprising the interior node
address, the exterior node address and the ESP protocol
identifier. In particular, the IPv4/NAT method of indexing
state records also by security parameters index (SPI) SHOULD
NOT be used. Likewise, any mechanism that depends on
detection of Internet Key Exchange (IKE) [RFC5996]
initiations SHOULD NOT be used.
REC-26 In their DEFAULT operating mode, IPv6 gateways MUST NOT
prohibit the forwarding of packets, to and from legitimate
node addresses, with destination extension headers of type
"Host Identity Protocol (HIP)" [RFC5201] in their outer IP
extension header chain.
REC-27 The state records for flows initiated by outbound packets
that bear a Home Address destination option [RFC3775] are
distinguished by the addition of the home address of the flow
as well as the interior care-of address. IPv6 gateways MUST
NOT prohibit the forwarding of any inbound packets bearing
type 2 routing headers, which otherwise match a flow state
record, and where A) the address in the destination field of
the IPv6 header matches the interior care-of address of the
flow, and B) the Home Address field in the Type 2 Routing
Header matches the home address of the flow.
REC-28 Valid sequences of Mobility Header [RFC3775] packets MUST be
forwarded for all outbound and explicitly permitted inbound
Mobility Header flows.
REC-29 If a gateway forwards a Mobility Header [RFC3775] flow, then
it MUST also forward, in both directions, the IPv4 and IPv6
packets that are encapsulated in IPv6 associated with the
tunnel between the home agent and the correspondent node.
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REC-30 If a gateway forwards a Mobility Header [RFC3775] flow, then
it MUST also forward (in the reverse direction) ICMPv6
"Destination Unreachable" and "Packet Too Big" messages
containing any headers that match the associated flow state
records.
REC-31 All valid sequences of TCP packets (defined in [RFC0793])
MUST be forwarded for outbound flows and explicitly permitted
inbound flows. In particular, both the normal TCP 3-way
handshake mode of operation and the simultaneous-open modes
of operation MUST be supported.
REC-32 The TCP window invariant MUST NOT be enforced on flows for
which the filter did not detect whether the window-scale
option (see [RFC1323]) was sent in the 3-way handshake or
simultaneous open.
REC-33 If application transparency is most important, then a
stateful packet filter SHOULD have "endpoint independent
filter" behavior for TCP. If a more stringent filtering
behavior is most important, then a filter SHOULD have
"address dependent filtering" behavior. The filtering
behavior MAY be an option configurable by the network
administrator, and it MAY be independent of the filtering
behavior for UDP and other protocols. Filtering behavior
SHOULD be endpoint independent by DEFAULT in gateways
intended for provisioning without service-provider
management.
REC-34 By DEFAULT, a gateway MUST respond with an ICMPv6
"Destination Unreachable" error code 1 (administratively
prohibited) to any unsolicited inbound SYN packet after
waiting at least 6 seconds without first forwarding the
associated outbound SYN or SYN/ACK from the interior peer.
REC-35 If a gateway cannot determine whether the endpoints of a TCP
flow are active, then it MAY abandon the state record if it
has been idle for some time. In such cases, the value of the
"established flow idle-timeout" MUST NOT be less than two
hours four minutes, as discussed in [RFC5382]. The value of
the "transitory flow idle-timeout" MUST NOT be less than four
minutes. The value of the idle-timeouts MAY be configurable
by the network administrator.
REC-36 If a gateway forwards a TCP flow, it MUST also forward ICMPv6
"Destination Unreachable" and "Packet Too Big" messages
containing TCP headers that match the flow state record.
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REC-37 Receipt of any sort of ICMPv6 message MUST NOT terminate the
state record for a TCP flow.
REC-38 All valid sequences of SCTP packets (defined in [RFC4960])
MUST be forwarded for outbound associations and explicitly
permitted inbound associations. In particular, both the
normal SCTP association establishment and simultaneous-open
modes of operation MUST be supported.
REC-39 By DEFAULT, a gateway MUST respond with an ICMPv6
"Destination Unreachable" error code 1 (administratively
prohibited) to any unsolicited inbound INIT packet after
waiting at least 6 seconds without first forwarding the
associated outbound INIT from the interior peer.
REC-40 If a gateway cannot determine whether the endpoints of an
SCTP association are active, then it MAY abandon the state
record if it has been idle for some time. In such cases, the
value of the "established association idle-timeout" MUST NOT
be less than two hours four minutes. The value of the
"transitory association idle-timeout" MUST NOT be less than
four minutes. The value of the idle-timeouts MAY be
configurable by the network administrator.
REC-41 If a gateway forwards an SCTP association, it MUST also
forward ICMPv6 "Destination Unreachable" and "Packet Too Big"
messages containing SCTP headers that match the association
state record.
REC-42 Receipt of any sort of ICMPv6 message MUST NOT terminate the
state record for an SCTP association.
REC-43 All valid sequences of DCCP packets (defined in [RFC4340])
MUST be forwarded for all flows to exterior servers and those
flows to interior servers with explicitly permitted service
codes.
REC-44 A gateway MAY abandon a DCCP state record if it has been idle
for some time. In such cases, the value of the "established
flow idle-timeout" MUST NOT be less than two hours four
minutes. The value of the "transitory flow idle-timeout"
MUST NOT be less than eight minutes. The value of the idle-
timeouts MAY be configurable by the network administrator.
REC-45 If a gateway forwards a DCCP flow, it MUST also forward
ICMPv6 "Destination Unreachable" and "Packet Too Big"
messages containing DCCP headers that match the flow state
record.
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REC-46 Receipt of any sort of ICMPv6 message MUST NOT terminate the
state record for a DCCP flow.
REC-47 Valid sequences of packets bearing SHIM6 payload extension
headers in their outer IP extension header chains MUST be
forwarded for all outbound and explicitly permitted flows.
The content of the SHIM6 payload extension header MAY be
ignored for the purpose of state tracking.
REC-48 Gateways SHOULD implement a protocol to permit applications
to solicit inbound traffic without advance knowledge of the
addresses of exterior nodes with which they expect to
communicate.
REC-49 Gateways MUST provide an easily selected configuration option
that permits a "transparent mode" of operation that forwards
all unsolicited flows regardless of forwarding direction,
i.e. to disable the IPv6 simple security capabilities of the
gateway. The transparent mode of operation MAY be the
default configuration.
REC-50 By DEFAULT, subscriber managed residential gateways MUST NOT
offer management application services to the exterior
network.
5. Contributors
Comments and criticisms during the development of this document were
received from the following IETF participants:
+-------------------+----------------------------+
| Jari Arkko | Ran Atkinson |
| Fred Baker | Norbert Bollow |
| Cameron Byrne | Brian Carpenter |
| Remi Despres | Arnaud Ebalard |
| Fabrice Fontaine | Jun-ichiro "itojun" Hagino |
| Thomas Herbst | Christian Huitema |
| Joel Jaeggli | Cullen Jennings |
| Suresh Krishnan | Erik Kline |
| Julien Laganier | Kurt Erik Lindqvist |
| Boucadair Mohamed | Keith Moore |
| Robert Moskowitz | Teemu Savolainen |
| Hemant Singh | Yaron Sheffer |
| Mark Townsley | Iljitsch van Beijnum |
| Magnus Westerlund | Dan Wing |
+-------------------+----------------------------+
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The editor thanks them all for their contributions.
It must be noted that a substantial portion of the text describing
the detailed requirements for TCP and UDP filtering is derived or
transposed from [RFC4787] and [RFC5382]. The editors of those
documents, Francois Audet and Saikat Guha, also deserve substantial
credit for the form of the present document.
6. IANA Considerations
This memo includes no request to IANA.
7. Security Considerations
The IPv6 stateful filtering behavior described in this document is
intended to be similar in function to the filtering behavior of
commonly use IPv4/NAT gateways, which have been widely sold as a
security tool for residential and small-office/home-office networks.
As noted in the security considerations section of [RFC2993], the
true impact of these tools may be a reduction in security. It may be
generally assumed that the impacts discussed in that document related
to filtering (and not translation) are to be expected with the simple
IPv6 security mechanisms described here.
In particular, it is worth noting that stateful filters create the
illusion of a security barrier, but without the managed intent of a
firewall. Appropriate security mechanisms implemented in the end
nodes, in conjunction with the [RFC4864] local network protection
methods, function without reliance on network layer hacks and
transport filters that may change over time. Also, defined security
barriers assume that threats originate in the exterior, which may
lead to practices that result in applications being fully exposed to
interior attack and which therefore make breaches much easier.
The security functions described in this document may be considered
redundant in the event that all IPv6 hosts using a particular gateway
have their own IPv6 host firewall capabilities enabled. At the time
of this writing, the vast majority of commercially available
operating systems with support for IPv6 include IPv6 host firewall
capability.
Also worth noting explicitly, a practical side-effect of the
recommendations in Section 3.2.4, to allow inbound IPsec and IKE
flows from exterior to interior, is to facilitate more transparent
communication by the use of Better-Than-Nothing-Security: An
Unauthenticated Mode of IPsec [RFC5386], and this may be a departure
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from expectations of transparency set by traditional IPv4/NAT
residential gateways.
Finally, residential gateways that implement simple security
functions are a bastion between the interior and the exterior, and
therefore are a target of denial of service attacks against the
interior network itself by processes designed to consume the
resources of the gateway, e.g. a ping or SYN flood. Gateways should
employ the same sorts of protection techniques as application servers
on the Internet.
IETF makes no statement, expressed or implied, as to whether using
the capabilities described in this document ultimately improve
security for any individual users or for the Internet community as a
whole.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC0768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
August 1980.
[RFC0793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
RFC 793, September 1981.
[RFC1323] Jacobson, V., Braden, B., and D. Borman, "TCP Extensions
for High Performance", RFC 1323, May 1992.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
[RFC3315] Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C.,
and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for
IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003.
[RFC3775] Johnson, D., Perkins, C., and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support
in IPv6", RFC 3775, June 2004.
[RFC3828] Larzon, L-A., Degermark, M., Pink, S., Jonsson, L-E., and
G. Fairhurst, "The Lightweight User Datagram Protocol
(UDP-Lite)", RFC 3828, July 2004.
[RFC3879] Huitema, C. and B. Carpenter, "Deprecating Site Local
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Addresses", RFC 3879, September 2004.
[RFC4007] Deering, S., Haberman, B., Jinmei, T., Nordmark, E., and
B. Zill, "IPv6 Scoped Address Architecture", RFC 4007,
March 2005.
[RFC4193] Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
Addresses", RFC 4193, October 2005.
[RFC4302] Kent, S., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 4302,
December 2005.
[RFC4303] Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)",
RFC 4303, December 2005.
[RFC4340] Kohler, E., Handley, M., and S. Floyd, "Datagram
Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)", RFC 4340, March 2006.
[RFC4443] Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, "Internet Control
Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol
Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 4443, March 2006.
[RFC4787] Audet, F. and C. Jennings, "Network Address Translation
(NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP", BCP 127,
RFC 4787, January 2007.
[RFC4890] Davies, E. and J. Mohacsi, "Recommendations for Filtering
ICMPv6 Messages in Firewalls", RFC 4890, May 2007.
[RFC4960] Stewart, R., "Stream Control Transmission Protocol",
RFC 4960, September 2007.
[RFC5095] Abley, J., Savola, P., and G. Neville-Neil, "Deprecation
of Type 0 Routing Headers in IPv6", RFC 5095,
December 2007.
[RFC5156] Blanchet, M., "Special-Use IPv6 Addresses", RFC 5156,
April 2008.
[RFC5201] Moskowitz, R., Nikander, P., Jokela, P., and T. Henderson,
"Host Identity Protocol", RFC 5201, April 2008.
[RFC5996] Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., and P. Eronen,
"Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2)",
RFC 5996, September 2010.
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8.2. Informative References
[I-D.cheshire-nat-pmp]
Cheshire, S., "NAT Port Mapping Protocol (NAT-PMP)",
draft-cheshire-nat-pmp-03 (work in progress), April 2008.
[I-D.woodyatt-ald]
Woodyatt, J., "Application Listener Discovery (ALD) for
IPv6", draft-woodyatt-ald-03 (work in progress),
July 2008.
[RFC1122] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -
Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122, October 1989.
[RFC1337] Braden, B., "TIME-WAIT Assassination Hazards in TCP",
RFC 1337, May 1992.
[RFC1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and
E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996.
[RFC2473] Conta, A. and S. Deering, "Generic Packet Tunneling in
IPv6 Specification", RFC 2473, December 1998.
[RFC2827] Ferguson, P. and D. Senie, "Network Ingress Filtering:
Defeating Denial of Service Attacks which employ IP Source
Address Spoofing", BCP 38, RFC 2827, May 2000.
[RFC2993] Hain, T., "Architectural Implications of NAT", RFC 2993,
November 2000.
[RFC3704] Baker, F. and P. Savola, "Ingress Filtering for Multihomed
Networks", BCP 84, RFC 3704, March 2004.
[RFC4080] Hancock, R., Karagiannis, G., Loughney, J., and S. Van den
Bosch, "Next Steps in Signaling (NSIS): Framework",
RFC 4080, June 2005.
[RFC4294] Loughney, J., "IPv6 Node Requirements", RFC 4294,
April 2006.
[RFC4864] Van de Velde, G., Hain, T., Droms, R., Carpenter, B., and
E. Klein, "Local Network Protection for IPv6", RFC 4864,
May 2007.
[RFC4949] Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2",
RFC 4949, August 2007.
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[RFC5189] Stiemerling, M., Quittek, J., and T. Taylor, "Middlebox
Communication (MIDCOM) Protocol Semantics", RFC 5189,
March 2008.
[RFC5382] Guha, S., Biswas, K., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and P.
Srisuresh, "NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP", BCP 142,
RFC 5382, October 2008.
[RFC5386] Williams, N. and M. Richardson, "Better-Than-Nothing
Security: An Unauthenticated Mode of IPsec", RFC 5386,
November 2008.
[RFC5389] Rosenberg, J., Mahy, R., Matthews, P., and D. Wing,
"Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN)", RFC 5389,
October 2008.
[RFC5533] Nordmark, E. and M. Bagnulo, "Shim6: Level 3 Multihoming
Shim Protocol for IPv6", RFC 5533, June 2009.
[UPnP-IGD]
UPnP Forum, "Universal Plug and Play Internet Gateway
Device Standardized Gateway Device Protocol",
September 2010, <http://upnp.org/specs/gw/igd2/>.
Author's Address
james woodyatt (editor)
Apple Inc.
1 Infinite Loop
Cupertino, CA 95014
US
Email: jhw@apple.com
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