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05 06 07 08
Network Working Group W. Ladd
Internet-Draft UC Berkeley
Intended status: Informational B. Kaduk, Ed.
Expires: August 20, 2018 Akamai
February 16, 2018
SPAKE2, a PAKE
draft-irtf-cfrg-spake2-05
Abstract
This document describes SPAKE2, a means for two parties that share a
password to derive a strong shared key with no risk of disclosing the
password. This method is compatible with any group, is
computationally efficient, and has a strong security proof.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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This Internet-Draft will expire on August 20, 2018.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Requirements Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. Definition of SPAKE2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4. Table of points for common groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1. Introduction
This document describes SPAKE2, a means for two parties that share a
password to derive a strong shared key with no risk of disclosing the
password. This password-based key exchange protocol is compatible
with any group (requiring only a scheme to map a random input of
fixed length per group to a random group element), is computationally
efficient, and has a strong security proof. Predetermined parameters
for a selection of commonly used groups are also provided for use by
other protocols.
2. Requirements Notation
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
3. Definition of SPAKE2
3.1. Setup
Let G be a group in which the Diffie-Hellman (DH) problem is hard of
order p*h, with p a big prime and h a cofactor. We denote the
operations in the group additively. Let H be a hash function from
arbitrary strings to bit strings of a fixed length. Common choices
for H are SHA256 or SHA512 [RFC6234]. We assume there is a
representation of elements of G as byte strings: common choices would
be SEC1 compressed [SEC1] for elliptic curve groups or big endian
integers of a fixed (per-group) length for prime field DH.
|| denotes concatenation of strings. We also let len(S) denote the
length of a string in bytes, represented as an eight-byte little-
endian number.
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We fix two elements M and N as defined in the table in this document
for common groups, as well as a generator G of the group. G is
specified in the document defining the group, and so we do not repeat
it here.
Let A and B be two parties. We will assume that A and B also have
digital representations of the parties' identities such as MAC
addresses or other names (hostnames, usernames, etc). We assume they
share an integer w; typically w will be the hash of a user-supplied
password, truncated and taken mod p. Protocols using this
specification must define the method used to compute w: it may be
necessary to carry out various forms of normalization of the password
before hashing. [RFC8265] The hashing algorithm SHOULD be designed
to slow down brute-force attackers.
We present two protocols below. Note that it is insecure to use the
same password with both protocols; passwords MUST NOT be used for
both SPAKE2 and SPAKE2+.
3.2. SPAKE2
A picks x randomly and uniformly from the integers in [0,ph)
divisible by h, and calculates X=x*G and T=w*M+X, then transmits T to
B.
B selects y randomly and uniformly from the integers in [0,p*h),
divisible by h and calculates Y=y*G, S=w*N+Y, then transmits S to A.
Both A and B calculate a group element K. A calculates it as
x(S-wN), while B calculates it as y(T-w*M). A knows S because it has
received it, and likewise B knows T.
This K is a shared value, but the scheme as described is not secure.
K MUST be combined with the values transmitted and received via a
hash function to prevent man-in-the-middle attackers from being able
to insert themselves into the exchange. Higher-level protocols
SHOULD prescribe a method for incorporating a "transcript" of the
exchanged values and endpoint identity information into the shared
secret. One such approach would be to compute a K' as H(len(A) ||
A || len(B) || B || len(S) || S || len(T) || T || len(K) || K ||
len(w) || w) and use K' as the key.
3.3. SPAKE2+
This protocol and security proof appear in [TDH]. We use the same
setup as for SPAKE2, except that we have two secrets, w0 and w1. B
stores L=w1*g and w0.
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When executing SPAKE2+, A selects x uniformly at random from the
numbers in the range [0, p*h) divisible by h, and lets X=x*G+w0*M,
then transmits X to B. B selects y uniformly at random from the
numbers in [0, p*h) divisible by h, then computes Y=y*G+w0*N, and
transmits it to Alice.
A computes Z as x(Y-w0*N), and V as w1(Y-w0*N). B computes Z as y(X-
w0*M) and V as y*L. Both share Z and V as common keys. It is
essential that both Z and V be used in combination with the
transcript to derive the keying material. For higher-level protocols
without sufficient transcript hashing, let K' be H(len(A) || A ||
len(B) || B || len(X) || X || len(Y) || Y || len(Z) || Z || len(V) ||
V || len(w0) || w0) and use K' as the established key.
4. Table of points for common groups
For each curve in the table below, we construct a string using the
curve OID from [RFC5480] (as an ASCII string) or its name, combined
with the needed constant, for instance "1.3.132.0.35 point generation
seed (M)" for P-512. This string is turned into a series of blocks
by hashing with SHA256, and hashing that output again to generate the
next 32 bytes, and so on. This pattern is repeated for each group
and value, with the string modified appropriately.
A byte string of length equal to that of an encoded group element is
constructed by concatenating as many blocks as are required, starting
from the first block, and truncating to the desired length. The byte
string is then formatted as required for the group. In the case of
Weierstrass curves, we take the desired length as the length for
representing a compressed point (section 2.3.4 of [SEC1]), and use
the low-order bit of the first byte as the sign bit. In order to
obtain the correct format, the value of the first byte is set to 0x02
or 0x03 (clearing the first six bits and setting the seventh bit),
leaving the sign bit as it was in the byte string constructed by
concatenating hash blocks. For the [RFC8032] curves a different
procedure is used. For edwards448 the 57-byte input has the least-
significant 7 bits of the last byte set to zero, and for edwards25519
the 32-byte input is not modified. For both the [RFC8032] curves the
(modified) input is then interpreted as the representation of the
group element. If this interpretation yields a valid group element
with the correct order (p), the (modified) byte string is the output.
Otherwise, the initial hash block is discarded and a new byte string
constructed from the remaining hash blocks. The procedure of
constructing a byte string of the appropriate length, formatting it
as required for the curve, and checking if it is a valid point of the
correct order, is repeated until a valid element is found.
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These bytestrings are compressed points as in [SEC1] for curves from
[SEC1].
For P256:
M =
02886e2f97ace46e55ba9dd7242579f2993b64e16ef3dcab95afd497333d8fa12f
seed: 1.2.840.10045.3.1.7 point generation seed (M)
N =
03d8bbd6c639c62937b04d997f38c3770719c629d7014d49a24b4f98baa1292b49
seed: 1.2.840.10045.3.1.7 point generation seed (N)
For P384:
M =
030ff0895ae5ebf6187080a82d82b42e2765e3b2f8749c7e05eba366434b363d3dc
36f15314739074d2eb8613fceec2853
seed: 1.3.132.0.34 point generation seed (M)
N =
02c72cf2e390853a1c1c4ad816a62fd15824f56078918f43f922ca21518f9c543bb
252c5490214cf9aa3f0baab4b665c10
seed: 1.3.132.0.34 point generation seed (N)
For P521:
M =
02003f06f38131b2ba2600791e82488e8d20ab889af753a41806c5db18d37d85608
cfae06b82e4a72cd744c719193562a653ea1f119eef9356907edc9b56979962d7aa
seed: 1.3.132.0.35 point generation seed (M)
N =
0200c7924b9ec017f3094562894336a53c50167ba8c5963876880542bc669e494b25
32d76c5b53dfb349fdf69154b9e0048c58a42e8ed04cef052a3bc349d95575cd25
seed: 1.3.132.0.35 point generation seed (N)
For edwards25519:
M =
d048032c6ea0b6d697ddc2e86bda85a33adac920f1bf18e1b0c6d166a5cecdaf
seed: edwards25519 point generation seed (M)
N =
d3bfb518f44f3430f29d0c92af503865a1ed3281dc69b35dd868ba85f886c4ab
seed: edwards25519 point generation seed (N)
For edwards448:
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M =
b6221038a775ecd007a4e4dde39fd76ae91d3cf0cc92be8f0c2fa6d6b66f9a12
942f5a92646109152292464f3e63d354701c7848d9fc3b8880
seed: edwards448 point generation seed (M)
N =
6034c65b66e4cd7a49b0edec3e3c9ccc4588afd8cf324e29f0a84a072531c4db
f97ff9af195ed714a689251f08f8e06e2d1f24a0ffc0146600
seed: edwards448 point generation seed (N)
The following python snippet generates the above points, assuming an
elliptic curve implementation following the interface of
Edwards25519Point.stdbase() and Edwards448Point.stdbase() in
[RFC8032] appendix A:
def iterated_hash(seed, n):
h = seed
for i in range(n):
h = hashlib.sha256(h).digest()
return h
def bighash(seed, start, sz):
n = -(-sz // 32)
hashes = [iterated_hash(seed, i) for i in range(start, start + n)]
return b''.join(hashes)[:sz]
def canon_pointstr(ecname, s):
if ecname == 'edwards25519':
return s
elif ecname == 'edwards448':
return s[:-1] + bytes([s[-1] & 0x80])
else:
return bytes([(s[0] & 1) | 2]) + s[1:]
def gen_point(seed, ecname, ec):
for i in range(1, 1000):
hval = bighash(seed, i, len(ec.encode()))
pointstr = canon_pointstr(ecname, hval)
try:
p = ec.decode(pointstr)
if p != ec.zero_elem() and p * p.l() == ec.zero_elem():
return pointstr, i
except Exception:
pass
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5. Security Considerations
A security proof of SPAKE2 for prime order groups is found in [REF].
Note that the choice of M and N is critical for the security proof.
The generation method specified in this document is designed to
eliminate concerns related to knowing discrete logs of M and N.
SPAKE2+ appears in [TDH], along with a security proof.
There is no key-confirmation as this is a one-round protocol. It is
expected that a protocol using this key exchange mechanism will
provide key confirmation separately if desired.
Elements received from a peer MUST be checked for group membership:
failure to properly validate group elements can lead to attacks. In
particular it is essential to verify that received points are valid
compressions of points on an elliptic curve when using elliptic
curves. It is not necessary to validate membership in the prime
order subgroup: the multiplication by cofactors eliminates the
potential for mebership in a small-order subgroup.
The choices of random numbers MUST BE uniform. Note that to pick a
random multiple of h in [0, p*h) one can pick a random integer in [0,
p) and multiply by h. Ephemeral values MUST NOT be reused; such
reuse permits dictionary attacks on the password.
SPAKE2 does not support augmentation. As a result, the server has to
store a password equivalent. This is considered a significant
drawback, and so SPAKE2+ also appears in this document.
As specified, the shared secret K is not suitable for direct use as a
shared key. It MUST be passed to a hash function along with the
public values used to derive it and the identities of the
participating parties in order to avoid attacks. In protocols which
do not perform this separately, the value denoted K' MUST be used
instead of K.
6. IANA Considerations
No IANA action is required.
7. Acknowledgments
Special thanks to Nathaniel McCallum and Greg Hudson for generation
of test vectors. Thanks to Mike Hamburg for advice on how to deal
with cofactors. Greg Hudson also suggested the addition of warnings
on the reuse of x and y. Thanks to Fedor Brunner, Adam Langley, and
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the members of the CFRG for comments and advice. Trevor Perrin
informed me of SPAKE2+.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC5480] Turner, S., Brown, D., Yiu, K., Housley, R., and T. Polk,
"Elliptic Curve Cryptography Subject Public Key
Information", RFC 5480, DOI 10.17487/RFC5480, March 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5480>.
[RFC6234] Eastlake 3rd, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
(SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF)", RFC 6234,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6234, May 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6234>.
[RFC8032] Josefsson, S. and I. Liusvaara, "Edwards-Curve Digital
Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)", RFC 8032,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8032, January 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8032>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[SEC1] SEC, "STANDARDS FOR EFFICIENT CRYPTOGRAPHY, "SEC 1:
Elliptic Curve Cryptography", version 2.0", May 2009.
8.2. Informative References
[REF] Abdalla, M. and D. Pointcheval, "Simple Password-Based
Encrypted Key Exchange Protocols.", Feb 2005.
Appears in A. Menezes, editor. Topics in Cryptography-
CT-RSA 2005, Volume 3376 of Lecture Notes in Computer
Science, pages 191-208, San Francisco, CA, US. Springer-
Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
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[RFC8265] Saint-Andre, P. and A. Melnikov, "Preparation,
Enforcement, and Comparison of Internationalized Strings
Representing Usernames and Passwords", RFC 8265,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8265, October 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8265>.
[TDH] Cash, D., Kiltz, E., and V. Shoup, "The Twin-Diffie
Hellman Problem and Applications", 2008.
EUROCRYPT 2008. Volume 4965 of Lecture notes in Computer
Science, pages 127-145. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
Authors' Addresses
Watson Ladd
UC Berkeley
Email: watsonbladd@gmail.com
Benjamin Kaduk (editor)
Akamai Technologies
Email: kaduk@mit.edu
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