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Host Identity Protocol M. Komu
Internet-Draft Helsinki Institute for Information
Expires: August 30, 2005 Technology
Mar 2005
Native Application Programming Interfaces for the Host Identity
Protocol
draft-mkomu-hip-native-api-00.txt
Status of this Memo
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
Abstract
This document proposes extensions to the current networking APIs.
Using the extented APIs, HIP aware applications can gain a better
control of the HIP layer and Host Identifiers. For example, the
applications can query and set security and mobility related
attributes, or specify their own Host Identifiers in a host.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Design Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1 Endpoint Descriptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Layering Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3 Namespace Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.4 Socket Bindings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.1 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.2 Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
A. Interface Syntax and Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
A.1 Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
A.2 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
A.2.1 Resolver Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
A.2.2 Application Specified Identities . . . . . . . . . . . 15
A.2.3 Querying Endpoint Related Information . . . . . . . . 17
A.2.4 Socket Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . 20
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1. Introduction
Host Identity Protocol proposes a new cryptographic namespace and a
new layer to the TCP/IP architecture. Applications can see these new
changes in the networking stacks with varying degrees of visibility.
[I-D.henderson-hip-applications] discusses the lowest levels of
visibility in which applications are either completely or partially
unaware of HIP. In this document, we discuss about the highest level
of visibility. The applications are completely HIP aware and are
able to control the HIP layer and identifiers. The applications are
allowed to query and set security related attributes and even specify
their own Host Identifiers.
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2. Design Architecture
In this section, the native HIP API design is described from an
architectural point of view. We introduce the ED concept, which is a
central idea in the API. We describe the layering and namespace
models along with the socket bindings. We conclude the discussion
with a description of the endpoint identifier resolution mechanism.
2.1 Endpoint Descriptor
The representation of endpoints is hidden from the applications. The
ED is a ``handle'' to a HI. A given ED serves as a pointer to the
corresponding HI entry in the HI database of the host. The ED is the
AID [I-D.nordmark-multi6-noid] in the native HIP API model.
2.2 Layering Model
The application layer accesses the transport layer via the socket
interface. The application layer uses the traditional TCP/IP IPv4 or
IPv6 interface, or the new native HIP API interface provided by the
socket layer. The layering model is illustrated in Figure 1. For
simplicity, the IPsec layer has been excluded from the figure.
+-------------------------------+
Application Layer | Application |
+----------+----------+---------+
Socket Layer | IPv4 API | IPv6 API | HIP API |
+----------+----+-----+---------+
Transport Layer | TCP | UDP |
+---------------+---------------+
HIP Layer | HIP |
+---------------+---------------+
Network Layer | IPv4 | IPv6 |
+---------------+---------------+
Link Layer | Ethernet | Etc |
+---------------+---------------+
Figure 1
The HIP layer is as a shim/wedge layer between the transport and
network layers. The datagrams delivered between the transport and
network layers are intercepted in the HIP layer to see if the
datagrams are HIP related and require HIP intervention.
2.3 Namespace Model
The used namespace model is shown in . The namespace identifiers are
described in this section.
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+-------------------+-----------------------+
| Layer | Identifier |
+-------------------+-----------------------+
| User Interface | FQDN |
| | |
| Application Layer | ED, port and protocol |
| | |
| Transport Layer | HI, port |
| | |
| HIP Layer | HI |
| | |
| Network Layer | IP address |
+-------------------+-----------------------+
Table 1
People prefer human-readable names when referring to network
entities. The most commonly used identifier in the UI is the FQDN,
but there are also other ways to name network entities. The FQDN
format is still the preferred UI level identifier in the context of
the native HIP API.
In the current API, connection associations in the application layer
are uniquely distinguished by the source IP address, destination IP
address, source port, destination port, and protocol. HIP changes
this model by using HIT in the place of IP addresses. The HIP model
is further expanded in the native HIP API model by using ED instead
of HITs. Now, the application layer uses source ED, destination ED,
source port, destination port, and transport protocol type, to
distinguish between the different connection associations.
Basically, the difference between the application and transport layer
identifiers is that the transport layer uses HIs instead of EDs. The
TLI is named with source HI, destination HI, source port, and
destination port at the transport layer.
Correspondingly, the HIP layer uses HIs as identifiers. The HIP
security associations are based on source HI and destination HI
pairs.
The network layer uses IP addresses, i.e., locators, for routing
purposes. The network layer interacts with the HIP layer to exchange
information about changes in the local interfaces addresses and peer
addresses.
2.4 Socket Bindings
A HIP socket is associated with one source and one destination ED,
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along with their port numbers and protocol type. The relationship
between a socket and ED is a many-to-one one. Multiple EDs can be
associated with a single HI. Further, the source HI is associated
with a set of network interfaces at the local host. The destination
HI, in turn, is associated with a set of destination addresses of the
peer. The socket bindings are visualized in Figure 2.
1 +---------+ * 1 +--------+ * 1 +-----------+
+---+ Src EID +------+ Src HI +------+ Src Iface |
+--------+ * | +---------+ * 1 +--------+ +-----------+
| HIP +------+
| |
| Socket +------+
+--------+ * | +---------+ * 1 +--------+ * 1 +-----------+
+---+ Dst EID +------+ Dst HI +------+ Dst IP |
1 +---------+ * 1 +--------+ +-----------+
Figure 2
The relationship between a source ED and a source HI is always a
many-to-one one. However, there are two refinements to the
relationship. First, a listening socket is allowed to accept
connections from all local HIs of the host. Second, the
opportunistic mode allows the base exchange to be initiated to an
unknown destination HI. In a way, the relationship between the local
ED and local HI is a many-to-undefined relationship for a moment in
both of the cases, but once the connection is established, the ED
will be permanently associated with a certain HI.
The ED concept can only be used in HIP protocol family sockets.
Other types of sockets are left intact to avoid breaking the
backwards compatibility.
The DNS based endpoint discovery mechanism is illustrated in . The
application calls the resolver (step a.) to resolve an FQDN (step
b.). The DNS server responds with a HI and a set of IP addresses
(step c.). The resolver does not directly pass the HI and the
locators to the application, but sends them to the HIP module (step
d.). Finally, the resolver receives an ED from the HIP module (step
e.) and passes the ED to the application (step f.).
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+----------+
| |
| DNS |
| |
+----------+
^ |
b. <FQDN> | | c. <HI, address>
| v
+-------------+ a. <FQDN> +----------+
| |----------->| |
| Application | | Resolver |
| |<-----------| |
+-------------+ f. <ED> +----------+
^ |
e. <ED> | | d. <HI, address>
| v
+----------+
| |
| HIP |
| |
+----------+
Figure 3
The application can also receive multiple EDs from the resolver if
the FQDN is associated with multiple HIs. The endpoint discovery
mechanism is still almost the same. The difference is that the DNS
returns a set of HIs (along with their locators) to the resolver.
The resolver sends all of them to the HIP module and receives a set
of EDs in return, each ED corresponding to a single HI. Finally, the
EDs are sent to the application.
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3. IANA Considerations
To be done.
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4. Security Considerations
To be done.
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5. Acknowledgements
Jukka Ylitalo and Pekka Nikander have contributed many ideas, time
and effort to the native HIP API. Thomas Henderson, Kristian Slavov,
Julien Laganier, Jaakko Kangasharju, Mika Kousa, Jan Melen, Andrew
McGregor, Sasu Tarkoma, Lars Eggert, Joe Touch, Antti J?rvinen and
Anthony Joseph have also provided valuable ideas and feedback.
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6. References
6.1 Normative References
[I-D.ietf-hip-base]
Moskowitz, R., "Host Identity Protocol",
draft-ietf-hip-base-02 (work in progress), February 2005.
[I-D.ietf-hip-mm]
Nikander, P., "End-Host Mobility and Multi-Homing with
Host Identity Protocol", draft-ietf-hip-mm-01 (work in
progress), February 2005.
[POSIX] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "IEEE
Std. 1003.1-2001 Standard for Information Technology -
Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX)", Dec 2001.
[RFC3493] Gilligan, R., Thomson, S., Bound, J., McCann, J. and W.
Stevens, "Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6", RFC
3493, February 2003.
6.2 Informative References
[I-D.henderson-hip-applications]
Henderson, T., "Using HIP with Legacy Applications",
draft-henderson-hip-applications-00 (work in progress),
February 2005.
[I-D.nordmark-multi6-noid]
Nordmark, E., "Multihoming without IP Identifiers",
draft-nordmark-multi6-noid-02 (work in progress), July
2004.
Author's Address
Miika Komu
Helsinki Institute for Information Technology
Tammasaarenkatu 3
Helsinki
Finland
Phone: +358503841531
Fax: +35896949768
EMail: miika@iki.fi
URI: http://www.iki.fi/miika/
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Appendix A. Interface Syntax and Description
In this section, we describe the native HIP API using the syntax of
the C programming language and present only the ``external''
interfaces and data structures that are visible to the applications.
We limit the description to those interfaces and data structures that
are either modified or completely new, because the native HIP API is
otherwise identical to the sockets API [POSIX].
A.1 Data Structures
We introduce a new protocol family, PF_HIP, for the sockets API. The
AF_HIP constant is an alias for it. The use of the PF_HIP constant
is mandatory with the socket function if the native HIP API is to be
used in the application. The PF_HIP constant is given as the first
argument (domain) to the socket function.
The ED abstraction is realized in the sockaddr_ed structure, which is
shown in figure Figure 4. The family of the socket, ed_family, is
set to PF_HIP. The port number ed_port is two octets and the ED
value ed_val is four octets. The ED value is just an opaque number
to the application. The application should not try to associate it
directly to a HI or even compare it to other ED values, because there
are separate functions for those purposes. The ED family is stored
in host byte order. The port and the ED value are stored in network
byte order.
struct sockaddr_ed {
unsigned short int ed_family;
in_port_t ed_port;
sa_ed_t ed_val;
}
Figure 4
The ed_val field is usually set by special native HIP API functions,
which are described in the following section. However, three special
macros can be used to directly set a value into the ed_val field.
The macros are HIP_HI_ANY, HIP_HI_ANY_PUB and HIP_HI_ANY_ANON. They
denote an ED value associated with a wildcard HI of any, public, or
anonymous type. This is useful to a ``server'' application that is
willing to accept connections to all of the HIs of the host. The
macros correspond to the sockets API macros INADDR_ANY and
IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT, but they are applicable on the HIP layer. It
should be noted that only one process at a time can bind with the
HIP_HI_*ANY macro on a certain port to avoid ambiguous bindings.
The native HIP API has a new resolver function which is used for
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querying both endpoint identifiers and locators. The resolver
introduces a new data structure, which is used both as the input and
output argument for the resolver. The new structure, endpointinfo,
is shown in Figure 5.
struct endpointinfo {
int ei_flags; /* flags, e.g. EI_FALLBACK */
int ei_family; /* e.g. PF_HIP */
int ei_socktype; /* e.g. SOCK_STREAM */
int ei_protocol; /* usually just zero */
size_t ei_endpoint_len; /* length of the endpoint */
struct sockaddr *ei_endpoint; /* endpoint socket address */
char *ei_canonname; /* canonical name of the host */
struct endpointinfo *ei_next; /* next endpoint */
};
Figure 5
The members of the endpointinfo structure are similar to addrinfo
structure, but the member names have a different prefix. The socket
address structure used for sockets API calls has been renamed to
ei_endpoint to emphasize the difference with the getaddrinfo
resolver. The family, ei_family, is set to PF_HIP when the socket
address structure contains an ED that refers to a HI.
The flags in the endpointinfo structure control the behavior of the
resolver and describe the attributes of the endpoints and locators.
The EI_ANON flag forces the resolver to query only for local
anonymous identifiers. The default action is first to resolve the
public endpoints and then the anonymous endpoints.
Some applications may prefer configuring the locators manually and
can set the EI_NOLOCATORS to prohibit the resolver from resolving any
locators. If the application wants to configure locators manually,
the EI_NOLOCATORS flag forces the resolver to discard the resolving
of locators. The EI_FALLBACK flag suggests the resolver to return
locators if no HIs are found. The ei_endpoint members in the
resolver output are then filled with IPv4 or IPv6 addresses and the
application can resort to plain TCP/IP connections using the IP
addresses returned. The fallback flag must be explicitly enabled in
the flags, because the resolver returns only HIs by default. The
EI_HI_ANY, EI_HI_ANY_PUB and EI_HI_ANY_ANON flags cause the resolver
to output only a single socket address containing an ED that would be
received using the corresponding HIP_HI_*ANY macro.
Application specified endpoint identifiers are essentially private
keys. To support application specified identifiers in the API, we
need new data structures for storing the private keys. The private
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keys need an uniform format so that they can be easily used in API
calls. The keys are stored in the endpoint structures shown in
figure Figure 6.
struct endpoint {
se_length_t length;
se_family_t family;
};
struct endpoint_hip {
se_length_t length;
se_family_t family; /* EF_HI */
se_hip_flags_t flags;
union {
struct hip_host_id host_id;
hit_t hit;
} id;
};
Figure 6
The structure endpoint represents a generic endpoint and the
endpoint_hip is the HIP specific endpoint. The HIP endpoint is
public by default unless HIP_ENDPOINT_FLAG_ANON flag is set in the
structure to anonymize the endpoint. The id union contains the HI in
the host_id member in the format specified in the HIP draft
[I-D.ietf-hip-base]. The draft does not specify the format for the
private key, so private key material is just appended to the host_id
and the length is adjusted accordingly. The flag
HIP_ENDPOINT_FLAG_PRIVATE is also set. The hit member of the union
is used only when the HIP_ENDPOINT_FLAG_HIT flag is set.
An optional extension to the getaddrinfo interface is introduced too.
A new flag, AI_HIP_RVS, is used both in the input and output of the
resolver. By default, the getaddrinfo resolver does not return IP
addresses belonging to a HIP rendezvous server. The resolver returns
rendezvous server addresses only when the AI_HIP_RVS flag is set in
the resolver hints. This way, legacy applications can never receive
any addresses belonging to a rendezvous server. The flag is also set
in the getaddrinfo resolver output to denote that the resolved
address belongs to a HIP rendezvous server.
A.2 Functions
The new functions introduced to the sockets API are described in this
section.
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A.2.1 Resolver Interface
The native HIP API does not introduce changes to the interface syntax
of the fundamental sockets API functions bind, connect, send, sendto,
sendmsg, recv, recvfrom, and recvmsg. The application usually calls
the functions with sockaddr_ed structures instead of sockaddr_in or
sockaddr_in6 structures. The source of the sockaddr_ed structures in
the native HIP API is the resolver function getendpointinfo which is
shown in Figure 7.
int getendpointinfo(const char *nodename,
const char *servname,
const struct endpointinfo *hints,
struct endpointinfo **res)
void free_endpointinfo(struct endpointinfo *res)
Figure 7
The getendpointinfo function takes the nodename, servname, and hints
as its input arguments. It places the result of the query into the
res argument. The return value is zero on success, or a non-zero
error value on error. The nodename argument specifies the host name
to be resolved; a NULL argument denotes the local host. The servname
parameter sets the port number to be set in the socket addresses in
the res output argument. Both the nodename and servname cannot be
NULL.
The output argument res is dynamically allocated by the resolver.
The application must free it with the free_endpointinfo function. It
contains a linked list of the resolved endpoints. The input argument
hints acts like a filter that defines the attributes required from
the resolved endpoints. For example, setting the flag
HIP_ENDPOINT_FLAG_ANON in the hints forces the resolver to return
only anonymous endpoints in the output argument res. If the hints
argument is zero, any kind of endpoints are acceptable.
A.2.2 Application Specified Identities
Application specified local and peer endpoints can be retrieved from
files using the function shown in Figure 8. The function
hip_endpoint_load_pem is used for retrieving a private or public key
from a given file filename. The file must be in PEM encoded format.
The result is allocated dynamically and stored into the endpoint
argument. The return value of the function is zero on success, or a
non-zero error value on failure. The result is deallocated with the
free system call.
int hip_endpoint_pem_load(const char *filename,
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struct endpoint **endpoint)
Figure 8
The endpoint structure cannot be used directly in the sockets API
function calls. The application must convert the endpoint into an ED
first. Local endpoints are converted with the getlocaled function
and peer endpoints with getpeered function. The functions are
illustrated in Figure 9. Both of functions are used in a similar
way.
struct sockaddr_ed *getlocaled(const struct endpoint *endpoint,
const char *servname,
const struct addrinfo *addrs,
const struct if_nameindex *ifaces,
int flags)
struct sockaddr_ed *getpeered(const struct endpoint *endpoint,
const char *servname,
const struct addrinfo *addrs,
int flags)
Figure 9
The result of the conversion, an ED socket address, is returned by
the functions. A failure in the conversion causes a NULL return
value to be returned and the errno to be set accordingly. The caller
of the functions is responsible of freeing the returned socket
address structure.
The endpoint argument is retrieved e.g. with the
hip_endpoint_load_pem function. If the endpoint is NULL, an
arbitrary HI of the host is selected and associated with the ED value
of the third argument.
The servname argument is the service string. The function converts
it to a numeric port number and fills the port number into the
returned ED socket structure for the convenience of the application.
The addrs argument defines the initial IP addresses of the local host
or peer host. The argument is a pointer to a linked list of addrinfo
structures containing the initial addresses of the peer. The list
pointer can be obtained with a getaddrinfo [RFC3493] function call.
A NULL pointer indicates that the application trusts the host to
already know the locators of the peer. We recommend that a NULL
pointer is not given to the getpeered function to ensure reachability
with the peer.
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The getlocaled function accepts also a list of network interface
indexes in the ifaces argument. The list can be obtained with the
if_nameindex [RFC3493] function call. A NULL list pointer indicates
all the interfaces of the local host. Both the IP addresses and
interfaces can be combined to select a specific address from a
specific interface.
The last argument is the flags. The following flags are valid only
for the getlocaled function:
o HIP_ED_*ANY correspond to the use of the HIP_HI_*ANY macros.
o Flags HIP_HI_REUSE_UID, HIP_HI_REUSE_GID and HIP_HI_REUSE_ANY
allow the HI binding to be reused for processes with the same UID,
GID or any UID as the calling process.
o Flags HIP_ED_IP and HIP_ED_IPV6 are used for limiting the address
family scope of the interfaces.
It should noticed that the HIP_HI_ANY, HIP_HI_ANY_PUB and
HIP_HI_ANY_ANON macros can be defined as calls to the getlocaled call
with a NULL endpoint, NULL interface, NULL address argument and the
flag corresponding to the macro name set.
A.2.3 Querying Endpoint Related Information
The getlocaled and getpeered functions have also their reverse
counterparts. Given an ED, the getlocaledinfo and getpeeredinfo
functions search for the HI and the current set of locators
associated with the ED. The first argument is the ED to be searched
for. The functions write the results of the search, the HIs and
locators, to the rest of the function arguments. The function
interfaces are depicted in figure Figure 10. The caller of the
functions is responsible for freeing the memory reserved for the
search results.
int getlocaledinfo(const struct sockaddr_ed *my_ed,
struct endpoint **endpoint,
struct addrinfo **addrs,
struct if_nameindex **ifaces)
int getpeeredinfo(const struct sockaddr_ed *peer_ed,
struct endpoint **endpoint,
struct addrinfo **addrs)
Figure 10
The getlocaledinfo and getpeeredinfo functions are especially useful
for an advanced application that receives multiple EDs from the
resolver. The advanced application can query the properties of the
EDs using getlocaledinfo and getpeeredinfo functions and select the
ED that matches the desired properties.
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A.2.4 Socket Options
As usually, getting and setting of HIP socket options is done using
getsockopt and setsockopt functions. To set HIP layer specific
socket options, the first argument must be a socket descriptor that
was instantiated with PF_HIP as the domain, and the second argument
must be specified as IPPROTO_HIP
Some HIP socket option names are listed in Table 2. The length of
the option must be natural word size of the underlying processor,
typically 32 or 64 bits. The purpose of the option value must be
interpreted in context of the protocol specifications
[I-D.ietf-hip-base][I-D.ietf-hip-mm].
The socket options must be set before the hosts have established HIP
SA. The implementation may refuse to set the socket options if there
is already an existing SA associated with the given socket.
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| Socket Options | Purpose |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| SO_HIP_CHALLENGE_SIZE | Puzzle challenge size |
| | |
| SO_HIP_HIP_TRANSFORMS | Integer array of the preferred |
| | HIP transforms |
| | |
| SO_HIP_ESP_TRANSFORMS | Integer array of the preferred |
| | ESP transforms |
| | |
| SO_HIP_DH_GROUP_IDS | Integer array of the preferred |
| | Diffie-Hellman group IDs |
| | |
| SO_HIP_SA_LIFETIME | Socket association lifetime in |
| | seconds |
| | |
| SO_HIP_RETRANS_INIT_TIMEOUT | HIP initial retransmission |
| | timeout |
| | |
| SO_HIP_RETRANS_INTERVAL | HIP retransmission interval in |
| | seconds |
| | |
| SO_HIP_RETRANS_ATTEMPTS | Number of retransmission |
| | attempts |
| | |
| SO_HIP_AF_FAMILY | The preferred IP address |
| | family. The default family is |
| | AF_ANY. |
| | |
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| SO_HIP_PIGGYPACK | If set to one, HIP |
| | piggy-packing is preferred. |
| | Zero if piggy-packing must not |
| | be used. |
| | |
| SO_HIP_OPPORTUNISTIC | Try HIP in opportunistic mode |
| | if only the locators of the |
| | peer are known. |
| | |
| SO_HIP_OPP_FALLBACK | The same as above, but fall |
| | back to plain TCP/IP if base |
| | exchange failed |
| | |
| SO_HIP_BEX_FALLBACK | Try normal base exchange, but |
| | fall back to plain TCP/IP if |
| | the base exchange fails. |
+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
Table 2
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