Network Working Group Kohei Shiomoto (NTT) Internet Draft Dimitri Papadimitriou (Alcatel) Jean-Louis Le Roux (France Telecom) Martin Vigoureux (Alcatel) Deborah Brungard (AT&T) Expires: April 2007 October 2006 Requirements for GMPLS-based multi-region and multi-layer networks (MRN/MLN)draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-01.txtdraft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-02.txt Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. This document may only be posted in an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html This Internet-Draft will expire onDecember 2006.April 2007. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006). Abstract Most of the initial efforts on Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) have been related to environments hosting devices with a single switching capability. The complexity raised by the control of such data planes is similar to that seen in classical IP/MPLS networks. By extending MPLS to support multiple switching technologies, GMPLS provides a comprehensive framework for the control of a multi- draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-02.txt October 2006 layered network of either a single switching technology or multiple switching technologies. In GMPLS, a switching technology domain defines a region, and a network of multiple switching types is referenced in this document as a multi-region network (MRN). When referring in general to a layered network, which may consist of either a single or multiple regions, this document uses the term, Multi-layer Network (MLN). This draft defines a framework for GMPLS based multi-region/multi-layer networks and lists a set of functional requirements. Table of Contents 1. Introduction...................................................2 2. Conventions used in this document..............................4 3. Positioning....................................................4 3.1. Data plane layers and control plane regions..................5 3.2. Service layer networks.......................................5 3.3. Vertical and Horizontal interaction and integration..........6 4. Key concepts of GMPLS-based MLNs and MRNs......................7 4.1. Interface Switching Capability...............................7 4.2. Multiple Interface Switching Capabilities....................8 4.2.1. Networks with multi-switching-type-capable hybrid nodes....8 4.3. Integrated Traffic Engineering (TE) and Resource Control.....9 4.3.1. Triggered signaling.......................................10 4.3.2. FA-LSP....................................................10 4.3.3. Virtual network topology (VNT)............................11 5. Requirements..................................................11 5.1.Scalability.................................................11 5.2. LSP resource utilization....................................12 5.2.1. FA-LSP releaseHandling single-switching andsetup..................................12 5.2.2. Virtual TE-Link...........................................13 5.3. LSP Attribute inheritance...................................14 5.4. Verificationmulti-switching-type-capable nodes............................................................11 5.2. Advertisement of theLSP.....................................14available adaptation resource..........12 5.3. Scalability.................................................12 5.4. Stability...................................................12 5.5. Disruptionminimization.....................................14minimization.....................................13 5.6.Stability...................................................15LSP Attribute inheritance...................................13 5.7. Computing paths with and without nestedsignaling...........16signaling...........14 5.8.Handling single-switchingLSP resource utilization....................................15 5.8.1. FA-LSP release andmulti-switching-type-capable nodes............................................................17setup..................................15 5.8.2. Virtual TE-Link...........................................16 5.9.AdvertisementVerification of theavailable adaptation resource..........17LSP.....................................17 6. Security Considerations.......................................17 7.References....................................................18References....................................................17 7.1. NormativeReference.........................................18Reference.........................................17 7.2. Informative References......................................18 8. Author's Addresses............................................19 9. Intellectual Property Considerations..........................20 10. Full Copyright Statement.....................................20 1. Introduction draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-02.txt October 2006 Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) extends MPLS to handle multiple switching technologies: packet switching,layer-twolayer-2 switching, TDM switching, wavelength switching, and fiber switching (see [RFC3945]). The Interface Switching Capability (ISC) concept is introduced for these switching technologies and is designated as follows: PSC (packet switch capable), L2SC (Layer-2 switch capable), TDM (Time Division Multiplex capable), LSC (lambda switch capable), and FSC (fiber switch capable). Service providers may operate networks where multiple different switching technologies exist. The representation, in a GMPLS control plane, of a switching technology domain is referred to as a region [RFC4206]. A switching type describes the ability of a node to forward data of a particular data plane technology, and uniquely identifies a network region. A layer describes a data plane switching granularity level (e.g. VC4, VC-12). A data plane layer is associated with a region in the control plane (e.g. VC4 associated to TDM, IP associated to PSC). However, more than one data plane layer can be associated to the same region (e.g. both VC4 and VC12 are associated to TDM). Thus, a control plane region, identified by its switching type value (e.g. TDM), can itself be sub-divided into smaller granularity based on the bandwidth that defines the "data plane switching layers" e.g. from VC-11 to VC4-256c. The Interface Switching Capability Descriptor (ISCD) [RFC4202], identifying the interface switchingtype,capability (ISC), the encoding type and the switching bandwidth granularity, enable the characterization of the associated layers. A network comprisingtransportnodes with multiple data plane layers of either the same ISC or different ISCs, controlled by a single GMPLS control plane instance is called a Multi-Layer Network (MLN). To differentiate a network supporting LSPs of different switchingtechnologies (ISCs)types from a single region network, a network supporting more than one switching technology is called a Multi-Region Network (MRN).All MRNs are MLNs, by definition.MLNs can be categorized according to the distribution of the ISCD values amongst the LSRs: - Each LSR may support just one ISCD, and theMLNset of LSRs maybecomprisedofLSRs that support different ISCDs. Such LSRs are known as single-switching-type-capable LSRs. - Each LSR may support more than one ISCD at the sametime so that the network containing these LSR is an MLN.time. Such LSRs are known as multi-switching-type-capable LSRs, and can be further classified as either "simplex" or "hybrid" nodes as defined in Section 4.2. - The MLN may be constructed from any combination of single- switching-type-capable LSRs and multi-switching-type-capable draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-02.txt October 2006 LSRs. Since GMPLS provides a comprehensive framework for the control of different switching capabilities, a single GMPLS instance may be used to control the MLN enabling rapid service provisioning and efficient traffic engineering across all switching capabilities. In such networks, TE Links are consolidated into a single Traffic Engineering Database (TED). Since this TED contains the information relative to all the different regions and layers existing in the network, a path across multiple regions or layers can be computed using this TED. Thus optimization of network resources can be achieved across the whole MLN. Consider, for example, a MRN consisting of packet-switch capable routers and TDM cross-connects. Assume that a packet LSP is routed between source and destinationpacket-switchipacket-switch capable routers, and that the LSP can be routed across the PSC-region (i.e. utilizing only resources of the packet region topology). If the performance objective for the LSP is not satisfied, new TE links may be created between the packet-switch capable routers across the TDM-region (for example, VC-12 links) and the LSP can be routed over those TE links. Further, even if the LSP can be successfully established across the PSC-region, TDM hierarchical LSPs across the TDM region between the packet-switch capable routers may be established and used if doing so is necessary to meet the operator's objectives for network resources availability (e.g., link bandwidth, or adaptation ports between regions) across the regions. The same considerations hold when VC4 LSPs are provisioned to provide extra flexibility for the VC12 and/or VC11 layers in an MLN. This document describes the requirements to support multi- region/multi-layer networks. There is no intention to specify solution-specific elements in this document. The applicability of existing GMPLS protocols and any protocol extensions to the MRN/MLN will be addressed in separate documents [MRN-EVAL]. 2. Conventions used in this document The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. 3. Positioning A multi-region network (MRN) is always a multi-layer network (MLN) since the network devices on region boundaries bring together different ISCs. A MLN, however, is not necessarily a MRN since multiple layers could be fully contained within a single region. draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-02.txt October 2006 For example, VC12, VC4, and VC4-4c are different layers of the TDM region. 3.1. Data plane layers and control plane regions A data plane layer is a collection of network resources capable of terminating and/or switching data traffic of a particular format. These resources can be used for establishing LSPs or connectionless traffic delivery. For example, VC-11 and VC4-64c represent two different layers. From the control plane viewpoint, an LSP region is defined as a set of one or more data plane layers that share the same type of switching technology, that is, the same switching type. For example, VC-11 and VC-4 layers are part of the same TDM region. The currently defined regions are: PSC, L2SC, TDM, LSC, and FSC regions. Hence, an LSP region is a technology domain (identified by the ISC type) for which data plane resources (i.e. data links) are represented into the control plane as an aggregate of TE information associated with a set of links (i.e. TE links). For example VC-11 and VC4-64c capable TE links are part of the same TDM region. Multiple layers can thus exist in a single region network. Note also that the region may produce a distinction within the control plane. Layers of the same region share the same switching technology and, therefore, use the same set of technology-specific signaling objects within the control plane, but layers from different regions may use different technology-specific objects or encodings. This means that there is a control plane discontinuity when crossing a region boundary. 3.2. Service layer networks A service provider's network may be divided into different service layers. The customer's network is considered from the provider's perspective as the highest service layer. It interfaces to the highest service layer of the service provider's network. Connectivity across the highest service layer of the service provider's network may be provided with support from successively lower service layers. Service layers are realized via a hierarchy of network layers located generally in several regions and commonly arranged according to the switching capabilities of network devices. For instance some customers purchase Layer 1 (i.e. transport) services from the service provider, some Layer 2 (e.g. ATM), while others purchase Layer 3 (IP/MPLS) services. The service provider realizes the services by a stack of network layers located within one or more network regions. The network layers are commonly draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-02.txt October 2006 arranged according to the switching capabilities of the devices in the networks. Thus, a customer network may be provided on top of the GMPLS-based multi-region/multi-layer network. For example, a Layer 1 service (realized via the network layers of TDM, and/or LSC, and/or FSC regions) may support a Layer 2 network (realized via ATM VP/VC) which may itself support a Layer 3 network (IP/MPLS region). The supported data plane relationship is a data-plane client-server relationship where the lower layer provides a service for the higher layer using the data links realized in the lower layer. Services provided by a GMPLS-based multi-region/multi-layer network are referred to as "Multi-region/Multi-layer network services". For example, legacy IP and IP/MPLS networks can be supported on top of multi-region/multi-layer networks. It has to be emphasized that delivery of such diverse services is a strong motivator for the deployment of multi-region/multi-layer networks. A customer network may be provided on top of a server GMPLS-based MRN/MLN which is operated by a service provider. For example, a pure IP and/or an IP/MPLS network can be provided on top of GMPLS- based packet over optical networks [IW-MIG-FW]. The relationship between the networks is a client/server relationship and, such services are referred to as "MRN/MLN services". In this case, the customer network may form part of the MRN/MLN, or may be partially separated, for example to maintain separate routing information but retain common signaling. 3.3. Vertical and Horizontal interaction and integration Vertical interaction is defined as the collaborative mechanisms within a network element that is capable of supporting more than one layer and of realizing the client/server relationships between them. Protocol exchanges between two network controllers managing different regions or layers are also a vertical interaction. Integration of these interactions as part of the control plane is referred to as vertical integration. Thus, this refersthusto the collaborative mechanisms within a single control plane instance driving multiple network layers. Such a concept is useful in order to construct a framework that facilitates efficient network resource usage and rapid service provisioning in carrier's networks that are based on multiple layers, switching technologies, or ISCDs. Horizontal interaction is defined as the protocol exchange between network controllers that manage transport nodes within a given layer or region (i.e. nodes with the same switching capability). For instance, the control plane interaction between two TDM network elements switching at OC-48 is an example of horizontal interaction. GMPLS protocol operations handle horizontal interactions within the same routing area. The case where the interaction takes place across a domain boundary, such as between two routing areas within draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-02.txt October 2006 the same network layer, is currently being evaluated as part of the inter-domain work [Inter-domain], and is referred to as horizontal integration. Thus horizontal integration refers to the collaborative mechanisms between network partitions and/or administrative divisions such as routing areas or autonomous systems. This distinction needs further clarification when administrative domains match layer boundaries. Horizontal interaction is extended to cover such cases. For example, the collaborative mechanisms in place between two lambda switching capable areas relate to horizontal integration. On the other hand, the collaborative mechanisms in place in a network that supports IP/MPLS over TDM switching could be described as vertical and horizontal integration in the case where each network belongs to a separate routing area. 4. Key concepts of GMPLS-based MLNs and MRNs A network comprising transport nodes with multiple data plane layers of either the same ISC or different ISCs, controlled by a single GMPLS control plane instance, is called a Multi-Layer Network (MLN). A sub-set of MLNs consists of networks supporting LSPs of different switching technologies (ISCs). A network supporting more than one switching technology is called a Multi- Region Network (MRN). 4.1. Interface Switching Capability The Interface Switching Capability (ISC) is introduced in GMPLS to support various kinds of switching technology in a unified way [RFC4202]. An ISC is identified via a switching type. A switching type (also referred to as the switching capability type) describes the ability of a node to forward data of a particular data plane technology, and uniquely identifies a network region. The following ISC types (and, hence, regions) are defined: PSC, L2SC, TDM, LSC, and FSC. Each end of a data link (more precisely, each interface connecting a data link to a node) in a GMPLS network is associated with an ISC. The ISC value is advertised as a part of the Interface Switching Capability Descriptor (ISCD) attribute (sub-TLV) of a TE link end associated with a particular link interface [RFC4202]. Apart from the ISC, the ISCD contains information, including the encoding type, the bandwidth granularity, and the unreserved bandwidth on each of eight priorities at which LSPs can be established. The ISCD does not "identify" network layers, it uniquely characterizes information associated to one or more network layers. draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-02.txt October 2006 TE link end advertisements may contain multiple ISCDs. This can be interpreted as advertising a multi-layer (or multi-switching) TE link end. That is, the TE link end is present in multiple layers. 4.2. Multiple Interface Switching Capabilities In an MLN, network elements may be single-switching or multi- switching-type-capable nodes. Single-switching type capable nodes advertise the same ISC value as part of their ISCD sub-TLV(s) to describe the termination capabilities of their TE Link(s). This case is described in [RFC4202]. Multi-switching-type-capable LSRs are classified as "simplex" or "hybrid" nodes. Simplex and hybrid nodes are categorized according to the way they advertise these multiple ISCs: - A simplex node can terminate links with different switching capabilities each of them connected to the node by a single link interface. So, it advertises several TE Links each with a single ISC value as part of its ISCD sub-TLVs. For example, an LSR with PSC and TDM links each of which is connected to the LSR via single interface. - A hybrid node can terminate links with different switching capabilities terminating on the same interface. So, it advertises at least one TE Link containing more than one ISCDs with different ISC values. For example, a node comprising of PSC and TDM links, which are interconnected via internal links. The external interfaces connected to the node have both PSC and TDM capability. Additionally TE link advertisements issued by a simplex or a hybrid node may need to provide information about the node's internal adaptation capabilities between the switching technologies supported. That is, the node's capability to perform layer border node functions. 4.2.1. Networks with multi-switching-type-capable hybrid nodes The network contains at least one hybrid node, zero or more simplex nodes, and a set of single-switching-type-capable nodes. Figure 5a shows an example hybrid node. The hybrid node has two switching elements (matrices), which support, for instance, TDM and PSC switching respectively. The node terminates a PSC and a TDM link (Link1 and Link2 respectively). It also has an internal link connecting the twoswtchingswitching elements. The two switching elements are internally interconnected in such a way that it is possible to terminate some of the resources of, say, draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-02.txt October 2006 Link2 and provide adaptation for PSC traffic received/sent over the PSC interface (#b). This situation is modeled in GMPLS by connecting the local end of Link2 to the TDM switching element via an additional interface realizing the termination/adaptation function. Two ways are possible to set up PSC LSPs. Available resource advertisement e.g. Unreserved and Min/Max LSP Bandwidth should cover both two ways. Network element ............................. : -------- : : | PSC | : Link1 -------------<->--|#a | : : +--<->---|#b | : : | -------- : TDM : | ---------- : +PSC : +--<->--|#c TDM | : Link2 ------------<->--|#d | : : ---------- : :............................ Figure 5a. Hybrid node. 4.3. Integrated Traffic Engineering (TE) and Resource Control In GMPLS-based multi-region/multi-layer networks, TE Links are consolidated into a single Traffic Engineering Database (TED) for use by the single control plane instance. Since this TED contains the information relative to all the layers of all regions in the network, a path across multiple layers (possibly crossing multiple regions) can be computed using the information in this TED. Thus optimization of network resources across the multiple layers of the same region and across multiple regions can be achieved. These concepts allow for the operation of one network layer over the topology (that is, TE links) provided by other network layers (for example, the use of a lower layer LSC LSP carrying PSC LSPs). In turn, a greater degree of control and inter-working can be achieved, including (but not limited too): - dynamic establishment of Forwarding Adjacency LSPs (see Section 4.3.3) - provisioning of end-to-end LSPs with dynamic triggering of FA LSPs Note that in a multi-layer/multi-region network that includes multi-switching-type-capable nodes, an explicit route used to establish an end-to-end LSP can specify nodes that belong to different layers or regions. In this case, a mechanism to control the dynamic creation of FA LSPs may be required. draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-02.txt October 2006 There is a full spectrum of options to control how FA LSPs are dynamically established. The process can be subject to the control of a policy, which may be set by a management component, and which may require that the management plane is consulted at the time that the FA LSP is established. Alternatively, the FA LSP can be established at the request of the control plane without any management control. 4.3.1. Triggered signaling When an LSP crosses the boundary from an upper to a lower layer, it may be nested into a lower layer FA LSP that crosses the lower layer. From a signaling perspective, there are two alternatives to establish the lower layer FA LSP: static (pre-provisioned) and dynamic (triggered). Pre-provisioned FA-LSP will be initiated either by the operator or automatically using features like TE auto-mesh [AUTO-MESH]. If such a lower layer LSP does not already exist, the LSP may be established dynamically. Such a mechanism is referred to as "triggered signaling". 4.3.2. FA-LSP Once an LSP is created across a layer, it can be used as a data link in an upper layer. Furthermore, it can be advertised as a TE-link, allowing other nodes to consider the LSP as a TE link for their path computation [RFC4206]. An LSP created either statically or dynamically by one instance of the control plane and advertised as a TE link into the same instance of the control plane is called a Forwarding adjacency LSP (FA-LSP). The TE-link as which the FA-LSP is advertised is called an FA. An FA has the special characteristic of not requiring a routing adjacency (peering) between its end points yet still guaranteeing control plane connectivity between the FA-LSP end points based on a signaling adjacency. A FA is a useful and powerful tool for improving the scalability of GMPLS Traffic Engineering (TE) capable networks since multiple higher layer LSPs may be nested (aggregated) over a single FA-LSP. The aggregation of LSPs enables the creation of a vertical (nested) LSP Hierarchy. A set of FA-LSPs across or within a lower layer can be used during path selection by a higher layer LSP. Likewise, the higher layer LSPs may be carried over dynamic data links realized via LSPs (just as they are carried over any "regular" static data links). This process requires the nesting of LSPs through a hierarchical process [RFC4206]. The TED contains a set of LSP advertisements from different layers that are identified by the ISCD contained within the TE link advertisement associated with the LSP [RFC4202]. draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-02.txt October 2006 If a lower layer LSP is not advertised as an FA, it can still be used to carry higher layer LSPs across the lower layer. For example, if the LSP is set up using triggered signaling, it will be used to carry the higher layer LSP that caused the trigger. Further, the lower layer remains available for use by other higher layer LSPs arriving at the boundary. 4.3.3. Virtual network topology (VNT) A set of one or more of lower-layer LSPs provides information for efficient path handling in upper-layer(s) of the MLN, or, in other words, provides a virtual network topology (VNT) to the upper- layers. For instance, a set of LSPs, each of which is supported by an LSC LSP, provides a virtual network topology to the layers of a PSC region, assuming that the PSC region is connected to the LSC region. Note that a single lower-layer LSP is a special case of the VNT. The virtual network topology is configured by setting up or tearing down the lower layer LSPs. By using GMPLS signaling and routing protocols, the virtual network topology can be adapted to traffic demands. Reconfiguration of the virtual network topology may be triggered by traffic demand changes, topology configuration changes, signaling requests from the upper layer, and network failures. For instance, by reconfiguring the virtual network topology according to the traffic demand between source and destination node pairs, network performance factors, such as maximum link utilization and residual capacity of the network, can be optimized [MAMLTE]. Reconfiguration is performed by computing the new VNT from the traffic demand matrix and optionally from the current VNT. Exact details are outside the scope of this document. However, this method may be tailored according to the service provider's policy regarding network performance and quality of service (delay, loss/disruption, utilization, residual capacity, reliability). 5.Requirements5.1. Scalability The MRN/MLN relies on a unified traffic engineering5.1.Handling single-switching androuting model.multi-switching-type-capable nodes TheTED in each LSR is populated with TE-links from all layers of all regions. This may lead to a huge amountMRN/MLN can consist ofinformation that has to be floodedsingle-switching-type-capable andstored within the network. Furthermore,multi- switching-type-capable nodes. The path computationtimes, which may be of great importance during restoration, will depend on the size ofmechanism in theTED. Thus MRN/MLN routing mechanisms MUSTMLN SHOULD bedesignedable toscale well with an increasecompute paths consisting of any combination of such nodes. Both single-switching-type-capable and multi-switching-type-capable (simplex or hybrid) nodes could play thefollowing: - Numberrole ofnodes - Numberlayer boundary. MRN/MLN Path computation SHOULD handle TE topologies built ofTE-links (including FA-LSPs) - Numberany combination ofLSPs - Numbernodes draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-02.txt October 2006 5.2. Advertisement ofregionsthe available adaptation resource A hybrid node SHOULD maintain resources andlayers - Number of ISCDs per TE-link. Further, design ofadvertise therouting protocols MUST NOT prevent TEresource informationfiltering basedonISCDs. Signaling protocolits internal links, the links required for vertical (layer) integration. Likewise, path computation elements SHOULD beable to operate on partial TE information. 5.2. LSP resource utilization It MUST be possibleprepared toutilize networkuse the availability of termination/adaptation resourcesefficiently. Particularly, resource usage in all layers SHOULD be optimizedas awhole (i.e., across all layers),constraint ina coordinated manner, (i.e., taking all layers into account).MRN/MLN path computations to reduce the higher layer LSP setup blocking probability because of the lack of necessary termination/ adaptation resources in the lower layer(s). Thenumberadvertisement oflower-layer LSPs carrying upper-layer LSPs SHOULD be minimized (Note that multiplethe adaptation capability to terminate LSPsMAY be used for load balancing). Unneccesary lower-layer LSPs, which would not carry anyof lower-region and forward trafficby reroutingin thetraffic overupper-region is REQUIRED, as it provides critical information when performing multi-region path computation. The mechanism SHOULD cover the case where the upper-layer links which are directly connected toalternativeupper-layer switching element and the ones which are connected through internal links between upper- layer element and lower-layerLSPs, SHOULD be avoided. 5.2.1. FA-LSP releaseelement coexist (See section 4.2.1). 5.3. Scalability The MRN/MLN relies on a unified traffic engineering andsetup Statistical multiplexing can only be employedrouting model. The TED inPSC and L2SCeach LSR is populated with TE-links from all layers of all regions.A PSC or L2SC LSP may orThis maynot consumelead to a huge amount of information that has to be flooded and stored within themaximum reservable bandwidthnetwork. Furthermore, path computation times, which may be of great importance during restoration, will depend on theFA LSP that carries it. Onsize of theother hand, a TDM, or LSC LSP always consumes a fixed amountTED. Thus MRN/MLN routing mechanisms MUST be designed to scale well with an increase ofbandwidth as long as it exists (and is fully instantiated) because statistical multiplexing is not available. If there is low traffic demand, some FA LSPs that do not carryanyLSP MAY be released so that lower-layer resources are released. Note that if a small fractionof theavailable bandwidthfollowing: - Number ofan FA- LSP is still in use, the nested LSPs can also be re-routed to other FA-LSPs (optionally using the make-before-break technique) to complete free up the FA-LSP. Alternatively, the FA LSPs MAY be retained for future use. Release or retentionnodes - Number ofunderutilized FA LSPs is a policy decision. As partTE-links (including FA-LSPs) - Number ofthe re-optimization process, the solution MUST allow reroutingLSPs - Number ofan FA LSP while keeping interface identifiersregions and layers - Number ofcorresponding TE links unchanged.ISCDs per TE-link. Further,this processdesign of the routing protocols MUST NOT prevent TE information filtering based on ISCDs. Signaling protocol SHOULD bepossible while the FA LSP is carrying traffic (higher layer LSPs) with minimal disruptionable tothe traffic. Additional FA LSPs MAY also be created basedoperate on partial TE information. 5.4.Stability Path computation is dependent onpolicy, which might consider residual resources andthechangenetwork topology and associated link state. The path computation stability oftraffic demand across the region. By creatingan upper layer may be impaired if thenew FA LSPs,VNT changes frequently and/or if thenetwork performance such as maximum residual capacity may increase. As the numberstatus and TE parameters (TE metric for instance) ofFA LSPs grows,links in theresidual resource may decrease.virtual network topology changes frequently. draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-02.txt October 2006 In thiscase, re-optimizationcontext, robustness ofFA LSPs MAY be invoked according to policy. Any solution MUST include measuresthe VNT is defined as the capability toprotect against network destabilizationsmooth changes that may occur and avoid their propagation into higher layers. Changes of the VNT may be caused by therapid setupcreation, deletion, or modification of several LSPs. Creation, deletion andteardownmodification of LSPsasMAY be triggered by adjacent layers or through operational actions to meet traffic demandvaries near a threshold. 5.2.2. Virtual TE-Link It maychanges, topology changes, signaling requests from the upper layer, and network failures. Routing robustness SHOULD beconsidered disadvantageoustraded with adaptability with respect tofully instantiate (i.e. pre-provision)thesetchange of incoming traffic requests. A full mesh oflower layerLSPsthat provideMAY be created between every pair of border nodes of theVNT since this might reserve bandwidthhigher layer. The merit of a full mesh of PSC TE-LSPs is thatcould beit provides stability to the higher layer routing. That is, the TED or forwarding table usedfor other LSPsin theabsencehigher layer of a PSC-LSR is not impacted by routing changes within theupper-layer traffic. However, in orderlower-layer (e.g., TDM layer). Further, there is always full PSC reachability and immediate access toallow path computation of upper-layerbandwidth to support LSPsacrossin thelower-layer,higher layer. But it also has significant drawbacks, since it requires thelower-layer LSPs MAY be advertised into the upper-layer as though they had been fully established, but without actually establishing them. Such TE links that represent the possibilitymaintenance ofan underlying LSP are termed "virtual TE-link". It is an implementation choice at a boundary node whether to create virtual TE-links,n^2 RSVP-TE sessions, which may be quite CPU andthe choicememory consuming (scalability impact). Also this may lead to significant bandwidth wastage ifavailable MUST be under the controlLSPs with a certain amount ofoperator policy.reserved bandwidth are used. Note thatthere is no requirement to supportthecreationuse of virtualTE-links, since realTE-links(with established LSPs) may be used,solves the bandwidth wastage issue, andeven if there are no TE-links (virtual or real) advertised tomay reduce thehigher layer, it is possiblecontrol plane overload. 5.5.Disruption minimization When reconfiguring the VNT according torouteahigher layerchange in traffic demand, the upper-layer LSPintomight be disrupted. Such disruption to the upper layers MUST be minimized. When residual resource decreases to a certain level, some lower layeron the assumptions that proper hierarchicalLSPs MAY be released according to local or network policies. There is a trade-off between minimizing the amount of resource reserved in the lower layerwill be dynamically created (triggered) as needed. If an upper-layer LSP that makes use of a virtual TE-Link is set up,and disrupting higher layer traffic (i.e. moving theunderlying LSPtraffic to other TE-LSPs so that some LSPs can be released). Such traffic disruption MAY be allowed but MUST beimmediately signaled inunder thelower layer. If virtual TE-Links are used in placecontrol ofpre-established LSPs, the TE-links across the upper-layer can remain stable using pre- computed paths while wastage of bandwidth within the lower-layer and unnecessary reservation of adaptation ports at the border nodes can be avoided. The concept of the VNTpolicy that can beextended to allow the virtual TE- links to form part of the VNT. The combination of the fully provisioned TE-links and the virtual TE-links defines the VNT providedconfigured by thelower layer. The solution SHOULD provide operations to facilitate the build-up of such virtual TE-links, taking into account the (forecast) traffic demand and available resource in the lower-layer. Virtual TE-links MAY be modified dynamically (by adding or removing virtual TE links, or chancing their capacity) according to the changeoperator. Any repositioning ofthe (forecast)trafficdemand and the available resource in the lower-layer. Any solutionMUSTinclude measures to protect against network destabilization caused by the rapid changes in the virtual network topology as traffic demand varies near a threshold. The VNT canbechanged by setting up and/or tearing down virtual TE linksaswellnon-disruptive asby modifying real links (i.e. the fully provisioned LSPs). The maximum number of virtual TE links that can be defined SHOULD be configurable. How to design the VNT and how to manage it are out of scope of this document. 5.3. LSPpossible (for example, using make-before-break). 5.6.LSP Attribute inheritance TE-Link parameters SHOULD be inherited from the parameters of the LSP that provides the TE-link, and so from the TE-links in the lower layer that are traversed by the LSP. These include: draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-02.txt October 2006 - Interface Switching Capability - TE metric - Maximum LSP bandwidth per priority level - Unreserved bandwidth for all priority levels - Maximum Reservable bandwidth - Protection attribute - Minimum LSP bandwidth (depending on the Switching Capability) Inheritance rules MUST be applied based on specific policies. Particular attention should be given to the inheritance of TE metric (which may be other than a strict sum of the metrics of the component TE links at the lower layer) and protection attributes.5.4. Verification of the5.7.Computing paths with and without nested signaling Path computation MAY take into account LSPWhen a lowerregion and layerLSP is established for use as a data link byboundaries when computing ahigher layer, the LSP MAY be verifiedpath forcorrect connectivity and data integrity. Such mechanisms are data technology-specific and are beyond the scope of this document, but may be coordinated through the GMPLS control plane. 5.5. Disruption minimization When reconfiguringan LSP. For example, path computation MAY restrict theVNT accordingpath taken by an LSP to only the links whose interface switching capability is PSC. Interface switching capability is used as achangeconstraint intraffic demand,path computation. For example, a TDM-LSP is routed over theupper-layer LSP might be disrupted. Such disruption totopology composed of TE links of theupper layers MUSTsame TDM layer. In calculating the path for the LSP, the TED MAY beminimized. When residual resource decreasesfiltered to include only links where both end include requested LSP switching type. In this way hierarchical routing is done by using acertain level, some lower layer LSPs MAY be released accordingTED filtered with respect tolocal or network policies. Thereswitching capability (that is, with respect to particular layer). If triggered signaling is allowed, the path computation mechanism MAY produce atrade-off between minimizingroute containing multiple layers/regions. The path is computed over theamount of resource reservedmultiple layers/regions even if the path is not "connected" in thelower layer and disrupting highersame layertraffic (i.e. moving the traffic to other TE-LSPs so that some LSPs can be released). Such traffic disruption MAY be allowed but MUST be underas thecontrolendpoints ofpolicythe path exist. Note thatcanhere we assume that triggered signaling will beconfigured byinvoked to make theoperator. Any repositioning of traffic MUST be as non-disruptive as possible (for example, using make-before-break). 5.6. Stability Path computation is dependent on the network topology and associated link state. Thepathcomputation stability of an upper layer may be impaired if"connected", when theVNT changes frequently and/or ifupper-layer signaling request arrives at thestatus and TE parameters (TE metric for instance) of linksboundary node. The upper-layer signaling request may contain an ERO that includes only hops in thevirtual network topology changes frequently. In this context, robustness ofupper layer, in which case theVNTboundary node isdefined as the capability to smooth changes that may occur and avoid their propagation into higher layers. Changesresponsible for triggered creating of theVNT may be caused by the creation, deletion, or modification of several LSPs. Creation, deletion and modificationlower-layer FA-LSP using a path ofLSPs MAY be triggered by adjacent layersits choice, orthrough operational actions to meet traffic demand changes, topology changes, signaling requests from the upper layer, and network failures. Routing robustness SHOULD be traded with adaptability with respect tofor thechange of incoming traffic requests. A full mesh of LSPs MAY be created between every pair of border nodesselection of any available lower layer LSP as a data link for the higher layer.The merit of a full mesh of PSC TE-LSPsThis mechanism isthat it provides stability to the higher layer routing. That is,appropriate for environments where the TEDor forwarding table usedis filtered in the higherlayer of an PSC-LSR is not impacted bylayer, where separate routingchanges within the lower-layer (e.g., TDM layer). Further, there is always full PSC reachability and immediate access to bandwidth to support LSPs ininstances are used per layer, or where administrative policies prevent the higher layer from specifying paths through the lower layer.But it alsoObviously, if the lower layer LSP hassignificant drawbacks, since it requiresbeen advertised as a TE link (virtual or real) into themaintenance of n^2 RSVP-TE sessions, whichhigher layer, then the higher layer signaling request maybe quite CPUcontain the TE link identifier andmemory consuming (scalability impact). Also this may leadso indicate the lower layer resources tosignificant bandwidth wastage if LSPs with a certain amount of reserved bandwidth arebe used.Note thatBut in this case, draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-02.txt October 2006 theusepath ofvirtual TE-links solves the bandwidth wastage issue, and may reducethecontrol plane overload. 5.7. Computing paths with and without nested signaling Path computation MAY take into accountlower layer LSPregion andcan be dynamically changed by the lower layerboundaries when computing a path for an LSP. For example, path computation MAY restrictat any time. Alternatively, thepath taken byupper-layer signaling request may contain anLSP to onlyERO specifying thelinks whose interface switching capability is PSC. Interface switching capabilitylower layer FA-LSP route. In this case, the boundary node isusedresponsible for decision asa constraint in path computation. For example, a TDM-LSP is routed overto which it should use thetopology composed of TE links ofpath contained in thesame TDM layer. In calculatingstrict ERO or it should re-compute the pathforwithin in theLSP,lower-layer. Even in case theTED MAY be filtered to include only links where both end include requested LSP switching type.lower-layer FA-LSPs are already established, a signaling request may also be encoded as loose ERO. In thisway hierarchical routingsituation, it isdone by using a TED filtered with respectup toswitching capability (that is, with respectthe boundary node toparticular layer). If triggered signaling is allowed,decide whether it should a new lower-layer FA-LSP or it should use thepath computation mechanism MAY produceexisting lower-layer FA-LSPs. The lower-layer FA-LSP can be advertised just as an FA-LSP in the upper-layer or an IGP adjacency can be brought up on the lower- layer FA-LSP. 5.8. LSP resource utilization It MUST be possible to utilize network resources efficiently. Particularly, resource usage in all layers SHOULD be optimized as aroute containing multiple layers/regions.whole (i.e., across all layers), in a coordinated manner, (i.e., taking all layers into account). Thepath is computednumber of lower-layer LSPs carrying upper-layer LSPs SHOULD be minimized (Note that multiple LSPs MAY be used for load balancing). Unneccesary lower-layer LSPs, which would not carry any traffic by rerouting the traffic over it to alternative lower-layer LSPs, SHOULD be avoided. 5.8.1. FA-LSP release and setup Statistical multiplexing can only be employed in PSC and L2SC regions. A PSC or L2SC LSP may or may not consume themultiple layers/regions evenmaximum reservable bandwidth of the FA LSP that carries it. On the other hand, a TDM, or LSC LSP always consumes a fixed amount of bandwidth as long as it exists (and is fully instantiated) because statistical multiplexing is not available. If there is low traffic demand, some FA LSPs that do not carry any LSP MAY be released so that lower-layer resources are released. Note that if a small fraction of thepathavailable bandwidth of an FA- LSP isnot "connected"still in use, thesame layer as the endpoints of the path exist. Note that here we assume that triggered signaling willnested LSPs can also beinvokedre-routed tomake the path "connected", when the upper-layer signaling request arrives atother FA-LSPs (optionally using theboundary node. The upper-layer signaling request may contain an ERO that includes only hops inmake-before-break technique) to complete free up theupper layer, in which caseFA-LSP. Alternatively, theboundary node is responsibleFA LSPs MAY be retained fortriggered creatingfuture use. Release or retention ofthe lower-layer FA-LSP usingunderutilized FA LSPs is apathpolicy decision. As part ofits choice, or fortheselectionre-optimization process, the solution MUST allow rerouting ofany available lower layeran FA LSPas a data link for the higher layer. This mechanism is appropriate for environments wherewhile keeping interface identifiers of draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-02.txt October 2006 corresponding TE links unchanged. Further, this process MUST be possible while theTEDFA LSP isfiltered in the higher layer, where separate routing instances are used per layer, or where administrative policies prevent the highercarrying traffic (higher layerfrom specifying paths throughLSPs) with minimal disruption to thelower layer. Obviously, iftraffic. Additional FA LSPs MAY also be created based on policy, which might consider residual resources and thelower layer LSP has been advertised as a TE link (virtual or real) intochange of traffic demand across the region. By creating thehigher layer, thennew FA LSPs, thehigher layer signaling requestnetwork performance such as maximum residual capacity maycontainincrease. As theTE link identifier and so indicatenumber of FA LSPs grows, thelower layer resources to be used. But inresidual resource may decrease. In this case,the pathre-optimization ofthe lower layer LSP canFA LSPs MAY bedynamically changedinvoked according to policy. Any solution MUST include measures to protect against network destabilization caused by thelower layer at any time. Alternatively, the upper-layer signaling requestrapid setup and teardown of LSPs as traffic demand varies near a threshold. 5.8.2. Virtual TE-Link It maycontain an ERO specifyingbe considered disadvantageous to fully instantiate (i.e. pre-provision) the set of lower layerFA-LSP route. In this case,LSPs that provide theboundary node is responsibleVNT since this might reserve bandwidth that could be used fordecision as to which it should use the path containedother LSPs in thestrict ERO or it should re-computeabsence of thepath withinupper-layer traffic. However, in order to allow path computation of upper-layer LSPs across thelower-layer. Even in caselower-layer, the lower-layerFA-LSPs are alreadyLSPs MAY be advertised into the upper-layer as though they had been fully established, but without actually establishing them. Such TE links that represent the possibility of an underlying LSP are termed "virtual TE-link". It is an implementation choice at asignaling requestboundary node whether to create virtual TE-links, and the choice if available MUST be under the control of operator policy. Note that there is no requirement to support the creation of virtual TE-links, since real TE-links (with established LSPs) mayalsobeencoded as loose ERO. In this situation, it is upused, and even if there are no TE-links (virtual or real) advertised to theboundary node to decide whetherhigher layer, itshouldis possible to route anew lower-layer FA-LSP or it should usehigher layer LSP into a lower layer on theexisting lower-layer FA-LSPs. The lower-layer FA-LSP canassumptions that proper hierarchical LSPs in the lower layer will beadvertised justdynamically created (triggered) as needed. If anFA-LSPupper-layer LSP that makes use of a virtual TE-Link is set up, the underlying LSP MUST be immediately signaled in the lower layer. If virtual TE-Links are used in place of pre-established LSPs, the TE-links across the upper-layeror an IGP adjacencycanbe brought up onremain stable using pre- computed paths while wastage of bandwidth within thelower- layer FA-LSP. 5.8. Handling single-switchinglower-layer andmulti-switching-type-capableunnecessary reservation of adaptation ports at the border nodesThe MRN/MLNcanconsist of single-switching-type-capable and multi- switching-type-capable nodes.be avoided. Thepath computation mechanism inconcept of theMLN SHOULDVNT can beableextended tocompute paths consistingallow the virtual TE- links to form part ofanythe VNT. The combination ofsuch nodes. Both single-switching-type-capablethe fully draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-02.txt October 2006 provisioned TE-links andmulti-switching-type-capable (simplex or hybrid) nodes could playtherole of layer boundary. MRN/MLN Path computation SHOULD handle TE topologies built of any combination of nodes 5.9. Advertisement ofvirtual TE-links defines theavailable adaptation resource A hybrid nodeVNT provided by the lower layer. The solution SHOULDmaintain resources and advertiseprovide operations to facilitate the build-up of such virtual TE-links, taking into account the (forecast) traffic demand and available resourceinformation on its internal links,in thelinks required for vertical (layer) integration. Likewise, path computation elements SHOULDlower-layer. virtual TE-links MAY bepreparedmodified dynamically (by adding or removing virtual TE links, or chancing their capacity) according tousetheavailabilitychange oftermination/adaptation resources as a constraintthe (forecast) traffic demand and the available resource inMRN/MLN path computations to reducethehigher layer LSP setup blocking probability because oflower-layer. Any solution MUST include measures to protect against network destabilization caused by thelack of necessary termination/ adaptation resourcesrapid changes in thelower layer(s).virtual network topology as traffic demand varies near a threshold. TheadvertisementVNT can be changed by setting up and/or tearing down virtual TE links as well as by modifying real links (i.e. the fully provisioned LSPs). The maximum number of virtual TE links that can be defined SHOULD be configurable. How to design theadaptation capabilityVNT and how toterminate LSPsmanage it are out of scope of this document. 5.9. Verification oflower-region and forward traffic intheupper-regionLSP When a lower layer LSP isREQUIRED,established for use asit provides critical information when performing multi-region path computation. The mechanism SHOULD cover the case wherea data link by a higher layer, theupper-layer links whichLSP MAY be verified for correct connectivity and data integrity. Such mechanisms aredirectly connected to upper-layer switching elementdata technology-specific andthe ones whichareconnectedbeyond the scope of this document, but may be coordinated throughinternal links between upper- layer element and lower-layer element coexist (See section 4.2.1).the GMPLS control plane. 6. Security Considerations The current version of this document does not introduce any new security considerations as it only lists a set of requirements. In the future versions, new security requirements may be added. 7. References 7.1. Normative Reference [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-02.txt October 2006 [RFC3979] Bradner, S., "Intellectual Property Rights in IETF Technology", BCP 79, RFC 3979, March 2005. [RFC4202] K.Kompella and Y.Rekhter, "Routing Extensions in Support of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS)," RFC4202, October 2005. [Inter-domain] A.Farrel, J-P. Vasseur, and A.Ayyangar, "A framework for inter-domain MPLS traffic engineering," draft-ietf-ccamp-inter-domain- framework, work in progress. [RFC4206] K.Kompella and Y.Rekhter, "Label Switched Paths (LSP) Hierarchy with Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Traffic Engineering (TE)," RFC4206, Oct. 2005. [STITCH] Ayyangar, A. and Vasseur, JP., "Label Switched Path Stitching with Generalized MPLS Traffic Engineering", draft-ietf-ccamp-lsp-stitching, work in progress. [RFC4204] J. Lang, "Link management protocol (LMP)," RFC4204, October 2005. [RFC3945] E.Mannie (Ed.), "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Architecture", RFC 3945, October 2004. 7.2. Informative References [MAMLTE] K. Shiomoto et al., "Multi-area multi-layer traffic engineering using hierarchical LSPs in GMPLS networks", draft-shiomoto-multiarea-te, work in progress. [MRN-EVAL] Le Roux, J.L., Brungard, D., Oki, E., Papadimitriou, D., Shiomoto, K., Vigoureux, M.,"Evaluation of existing GMPLS Protocols against Multi Layer and Multi Region Networks (MLN/MRN)",draft-leroux-ccamp-gmpls-mrn- eval,draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mrn-eval, work in progress. [IW-MIG-FW] Shiomoto, K., Papadimitriou, D., Le Roux, J.L., Brungard, D., Oki, E., Inoue, I., " Framework for IP/MPLS-GMPLS interworking in support of IP/MPLS to GMPLS migration ", draft-ietf-ccamp-mpls-gmpls- interwork-fmwk-00.txt, work in progress. [AUTO-MESH] Vasseur, JP., Le Roux, JL., et al., "Routing extensions for discovery of Multiprotocol (MPLS) Label Switch Router (LSR) Traffic Engineering (TE) draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-02.txt October 2006 mesh membership", draft-ietf-ccamp-automesh, work in progress. 8. Author's Addresses Kohei Shiomoto NTT Network Service Systems Laboratories 3-9-11 Midori-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8585, Japan Email: shiomoto.kohei@lab.ntt.co.jp Dimitri Papadimitriou Alcatel Francis Wellensplein 1, B-2018 Antwerpen, Belgium Phone : +32 3 240 8491 Email: dimitri.papadimitriou@alcatel.be Jean-Louis Le Roux France Telecom R&D, Av Pierre Marzin, 22300 Lannion, France Email: jeanlouis.leroux@orange-ft.com Martin Vigoureux Alcatel Route de Nozay, 91461 Marcoussis cedex, France Phone: +33 (0)1 69 63 18 52 Email: martin.vigoureux@alcatel.fr Deborah Brungard AT&T Rm. D1-3C22 - 200 S. Laurel Ave., Middletown, NJ 07748, USA Phone: +1 732 420 1573 Email: dbrungard@att.com Contributors Eiji Oki (NTT Network Service Systems Laboratories) 3-9-11 Midori-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8585, Japan Phone: +81 422 59 3441 Email: oki.eiji@lab.ntt.co.jp Ichiro Inoue (NTT Network Service Systems Laboratories) 3-9-11 Midori-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8585, Japan Phone: +81 422 59 3441 Email: ichiro.inoue@lab.ntt.co.jp Emmanuel Dotaro (Alcatel) draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-mln-reqs-02.txt October 2006 Route de Nozay, 91461 Marcoussis cedex, France Phone : +33 1 6963 4723 Email: emmanuel.dotaro@alcatel.fr 9. 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The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf- ipr@ietf.org. The IETF has been notified by Tellabs Operations, Inc. of intellectual property rights claimed in regard to some or all of the specification contained in this document. For more information, see http://www.ietf.org/ietf/IPR/tellabs-ipr-draft-shiomoto-ccamp- gmpls-mrn-reqs.txt 10. Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. 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