--- 1/draft-ietf-dnsop-dnssec-trust-anchor-00.txt 2008-02-11 17:12:19.000000000 +0100 +++ 2/draft-ietf-dnsop-dnssec-trust-anchor-01.txt 2008-02-11 17:12:19.000000000 +0100 @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ DNS Operations M. Larson Internet-Draft VeriSign -Expires: August 11, 2008 O. Gudmundsson +Expires: August 14, 2008 O. Gudmundsson OGUD Consulting LLC - February 8, 2008 + February 11, 2008 DNSSEC Trust Anchor Configuration and Maintenance - draft-ietf-dnsop-dnssec-trust-anchor-00 + draft-ietf-dnsop-dnssec-trust-anchor-01 Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that @@ -24,47 +24,46 @@ and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. - This Internet-Draft will expire on August 11, 2008. + This Internet-Draft will expire on August 14, 2008. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008). Abstract This document recommends a preferred format for specifying trust anchors in DNSSEC validating security-aware resolvers and describes how such a resolver should initialize trust anchors for use. This document also describes different mechanisms for keeping trust anchors up to date over time. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Trust Anchor Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Trust Anchor Priming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. Trust Anchor Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 5. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 6. Security considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 7. IANA considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 8. Internationalization considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 + 5. Security considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 + 6. IANA considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 + 7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 + 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 + 8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 + 8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 14 1. Introduction The DNSSEC standards documents ([2], [3] and [4]) describe the need for trust anchors and how they are used. A validating security-aware resolver (subsequently referred to as a "validating resolver") needs to be configured with one or more trust anchors, which specify the public keys of signed zones. To authenticate DNS data, a validating @@ -102,195 +101,218 @@ The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [1]. 2. Trust Anchor Format A trust anchor is a DNSSEC public key configured in a validating resolver. A validating resolver's configuration MUST allow one or more trust anchors to be specified. According to the definition in Section 2 of RFC 4033 [2], a trust anchor can be specified as either - a DNSKEY resource record (RR) or a DS RR, which contains the hash of - the specific DNSKEY RR. (DS records are defined in Section 5 of RFC - 4034 [3].) + a public key from a DNSKEY resource record (RR) or the hash of a + public key as found in a DS RR. (DS records are defined in Section 5 + of RFC 4034 [3].) - This document RECOMMENDS that a trust anchor be specified as a DS RR. - A DS RR used to specify a trust anchor in this manner SHOULD use a - digest algorithm of SHA-256 [5], which is DS digest type 2. DS RRs - using SHA-1 (DS digest type 1) to specify trust anchors are NOT - RECOMMENDED: RFC 4509 encourages the use of DS RRs using SHA-256 over - those using SHA-1. + This document RECOMMENDS that a trust anchor be specified using the + hash of a public key rather than the key itself, i.e., the fields + from a DS record rather than from a DNSKEY record. A trust anchor + specified in this manner will use all the fields from the + corresponding key's DS record, including the owner name to indicate + which zone the trust anchor corresponds to as well as the various + fields from the DS RDATA. The digest algorithm SHOULD be SHA-256 + [5], which is DS digest type 2. DS records using SHA-1 (DS digest + type 1) to specify trust anchors are NOT RECOMMENDED: RFC 4509 + encourages the use of DS RRs using SHA-256 over those using SHA-1. - Specifying a trust anchor using a DS RR instead of a DNSKEY RR offers - a slight advantage because it forces the resolver to make a DNS query - to obtain the trust anchor's complete DNSKEY RRSet during a priming - operation (described below). If only a DNSKEY record were specified, - a resolver implementers could conceivably avoid priming the trust - anchor. But priming is desirable because it causes the resolver to - retrieve an up-to-date version of a zone's DNSKEY RRSet from one of - the zone's authoritative servers. It should be noted that in - practice, priming is almost always required because data in the trust - anchor zone will usually be signed with a different key than the one - configured as the trust anchor, thus requiring the validating - resolver to obtain all keys in the DNSKEY RRSet. + Specifying a trust anchor using a DS format instead of a DNSKEY + format offers a slight advantage because it forces the resolver to + make a DNS query to obtain the trust anchor's complete DNSKEY RRSet + during a priming operation (described below). If only a DNSKEY + record were specified, resolver implementers could conceivably avoid + priming the trust anchor. But priming is desirable because it causes + the resolver to retrieve an up-to-date version of a zone's DNSKEY + RRSet from one of the zone's authoritative servers. It should be + noted that in practice, priming is almost always required because + data in the trust anchor zone will usually be signed with a different + key than the one configured as the trust anchor, thus requiring the + validating resolver to obtain all keys in the DNSKEY RRSet. - Using a DS RR is also recommended because it is smaller than the - DNSKEY RR and is easier to enter manually, either by typing or + Using a DS format is also recommended because it is smaller than the + DNSKEY format and is easier to enter manually, either by typing or cutting and pasting. - Another advantage of configuring a trust anchor using a DS RR is that - the entire hash of the public key in the DS RDATA need not + Another advantage of configuring a trust anchor using a DS record is + that the entire hash of the public key in the DS RDATA need not necessarily be specified. A validating resolver MAY support configuration using a truncated DS hash value as a human-factors convenience: shorter strings are easier to type and less prone to error when entered manually. Even with a truncated hash configured, a validating resolver can still verify that the corresponding DNSKEY is present in the trust anchor zone's apex DNSKEY RRSet. 3. Trust Anchor Priming A validating resolver needs to obtain and validate the DNSKEY RRSet - corresponding to a configured DS RR for that trust anchor to be - usable in DNSSEC validation. This process is called "priming" the - trust anchor. Priming can occur when the validating resolver starts, - but a validating resolver SHOULD defer priming of individual trust - anchors until each is first needed for verification. This priming on - demand is especially important when a validating resolver is - configured with a large number of trust anchors to avoid sending a - large number of DNS queries on start-up. This section adds - additional details to the discussion of trust anchors in Section 5 of - RFC 4035 [4]. + corresponding to a configured DS for that trust anchor to be usable + in DNSSEC validation. This process is called "priming" the trust + anchor. Priming can occur when the validating resolver starts, but a + validating resolver SHOULD defer priming of individual trust anchors + until each is first needed for verification. This priming on demand + is especially important when a validating resolver is configured with + a large number of trust anchors to avoid sending a large number of + DNS queries on start-up. This section adds additional details to the + discussion of trust anchors in Section 5 of RFC 4035 [4]. Following are the steps a validating resolver SHOULD take to prime a configured trust anchor: - 1. Read the trust anchor's DS RR from the validating resolver's - configuration (e.g., a text file). + 1. Read the trust anchor's information (corresponding to the fields + in a DS record) from the validating resolver's configuration + (e.g., a text file). 2. Look up the DNSKEY RRSet corresponding to the owner name of the - DS RR. (The validating resolver can either perform iterative - resolution or request recursive service from a recursive name - server, depending on its capabilities.) + trust anchor. (The validating resolver can either perform + iterative resolution or request recursive service from a + recursive name server, depending on its capabilities.) - 3. Verify that the DNSKEY RR corresponding to the configured DS RR - (i.e., the DNSKEY whose hash appears in the DS record) appears in - the DNSKEY RRSet and that the DNSKEY RR has the Zone Key Flag - (DNSKEY RDATA bit 7) set (i.e. the DNSKEY is allowed to sign DNS - zone, this does not make the key a zone signing key). + 3. Verify that the DNSKEY RR corresponding to the configured trust + anchor (i.e., the DNSKEY whose hash is configured) appears in the + DNSKEY RRSet and that this DNSKEY RR has the Zone Key Flag + (DNSKEY RDATA bit 7) set. (This bit only indicates that the + DNSKEY is allowed to sign the zone. This DNSKEY may or not be a + zone signing key.) 4. Verify that the DNSKEY RRSet is signed by one of the DNSKEYs found in the previous step, i.e., that there exists a valid RRSIG (cryptographically and temporally) for the DNSKEY RRSet generated with the private key corresponding to the DNSKEY found in the previous step. If the validating resolver can successfully complete the steps above, all DNSKEY RRs in the RRSet ought to be considered authenticated and - used authenticate RRSets at or below the trust anchor. + can be used authenticate RRSets at or below the trust anchor. If any of the steps above result in an error, the validating resolver SHOULD log them. If there are multiple trust anchors configured for a zone, any one of them is sufficient to validate data in the zone. For this reason, old trust anchors SHOULD be removed from a validating resolver's trust anchor list soon after the corresponding keys are no longer used by the zone. A validating resolver should remove a trust anchor that has been revoked as indicated by the REVOKE bit in the - corresponding DNSKEY record as described in RFC 5011. RFC5011 [6] + corresponding DNSKEY record as described in RFC 5011 [6]. - If a validating resolver is unable to to retrieve a signed DNSKEY - RRSet corresponding to a trust anchor (i.e., prime the trust anchor), - it SHOULD log this condition as an error. Inability to prime a - zone's trust anchor will likely result in the validating resolver's - inability to validate data from the corresponding zone and cause the - resolver to return an error in response to the original DNS query. + If a validating resolver is unable to retrieve a signed DNSKEY RRSet + corresponding to a trust anchor (i.e., prime the trust anchor), it + SHOULD log this condition as an error. Inability to prime a zone's + trust anchor results in the validating resolver's inability to + validate data from the corresponding zone. The validating resolver + SHOULD treat this zone as bogus. 4. Trust Anchor Maintenance Trust anchors correspond to zones' key signing keys and these keys do change in the course of normal operation. Validating resolver operators MUST ensure that configured trust anchor information remains current and does not go stale: each configured trust anchor - DS RR SHOULD correspond to a DNSKEY RR in the trust anchor zone's - apex DNSKEY RRSet. This process is called trust anchor maintenance. + SHOULD correspond to a DNSKEY RR in the trust anchor zone's apex + DNSKEY RRSet. This process is called trust anchor maintenance. (Initial trust anchor configuration requires human intervention to verify the trust anchor's authenticity using out-of-band means and is outside the scope of this document.) This section provides a brief overview of some possible mechanisms to keep trust anchor information current: Manual configuration: The validating resolver operator MAY choose to maintain trust anchor information completely manually. In this case, the operator assumes responsibility for noticing stale trust anchor information (i.e., DS records that no longer point to a corresponding DNSKEY RR in the trust anchor zone's apex DNSKEY RRSet) and updating that information. This process MAY require - the operator to use the same out-of-band verification mechanism - used to initial configuration to ensure that the new trust anchor - DS RR is trustworthy. Because manual maintenance is burdensome - and prone to error, and because other automated trust anchor - maintenance processes either exist or are in development, manual - trust anchor maintenance is NOT RECOMMENDED. + the operator to use the same out-of-band verification mechanism as + used for initial configuration to ensure that the new trust anchor + DS record is trustworthy. Because manual maintenance is + burdensome and prone to error, and because other automated trust + anchor maintenance processes either exist or are in development, + manual trust anchor maintenance is NOT RECOMMENDED. DNSSEC In-band Update: The IETF DNS Extensions Working Group has developed a protocol to automatically update DNSSEC trust anchors, - which is described in RFC 5011. RFC5011 [6] This protocol relies - on a small DNSSEC protocol change (an additional flag in the - DNSKEY record) and can be implemented either in a validating - resolver itself or in an external program with access to the - validating resolver's trust anchor configuration data. + which is described in RFC 5011 [6]. This protocol relies on a + small DNSSEC protocol change (an additional flag in the DNSKEY + record) and can be implemented either in a validating resolver + itself or in an external program with access to the validating + resolver's trust anchor configuration data. Trusted update mechanism: Updated trust anchor information MAY be obtained via a trusted non-DNS update mechanism. One possibility is the operating system update mechanism provided by most software vendors. Operators already place considerable trust in this mechanism, so it is reasonable to extend this trust to allow distribution and update of DNSSEC public key material. Another possibility is to obtain trust anchor configuration directly from the validating resolver software vendor. This mechanism is realistically only feasible for updating a small number of trust anchors, such as for the top-level domains. In a public DNSSEC deployment, the root zone would be signed and only the root's trust anchor would need updating. -5. Acknowledgments - - This work was undertaken at the suggestion of the DNSSEC Deployment - working group (www.dnssec-deployment.org). + Combination of update mechanisms: It is possible that for a given + validating resolver, different trust anchors will be maintained by + different mechanisms. For example, some trust anchors might be + kept up to date by a trusted update mechanism and others + maintained by some site-specific mechanism. In this case, it is + important that the mechanisms maintain a mutually exclusive set of + trust anchors. -6. Security considerations +5. Security considerations This document proposes a standard format for documenting DNSSEC trust anchors. Configuration of trust anchors, especially those obtained from third parties as part of an automated process, is a critical - security operation. The procedures described above describe the - minimal checks that should be performed and reporting that should be - done when configuring trust anchors. + security operation. The procedures listed above describe the minimal + checks that should be performed and reporting that should be done + when configuring trust anchors. In a widespread DNSSEC deployment, the root zone and many TLD zones would be signed, thus greatly reducing the number trust anchors that validating resolvers would need to store and keep track of. -7. IANA considerations + If multiple mechanisms are updating the trust anchor list then there + is the possibility of conflict, such as one mechanism reinserting an + expired trust anchor. + + Trust anchors are configuration information. A validating resolver + ought to treat this information differently than DNS data obtained + over the network and never use the configured trust anchors as part + of an answer. + + A signed zone that plans to transition to an unsigned state must + first give a warning that it is going insecure. Failure to do so + will cause all validating resolvers that keep a trust anchor for the + zone configured to treat responses from the zone as bogus, causing + resolution failures. + +6. IANA considerations This document does not have any IANA actions. -8. Internationalization considerations +7. Acknowledgments - There are no new internationalization considerations introduced by - this memo. + This work was undertaken at the suggestion of the DNSSEC Deployment + working group (www.dnssec-deployment.org). -9. References +8. References -9.1. Normative References +8.1. Normative References [1] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [2] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S. Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements", RFC 4033, March 2005. [3] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S. Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions", RFC 4034, @@ -299,21 +321,21 @@ [4] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S. Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security Extensions", RFC 4035, March 2005. [5] Hardaker, W., "Use of SHA-256 in DNSSEC Delegation Signer (DS) Resource Records (RRs)", RFC 4509, May 2006. [6] StJohns, M., "Automated Updates of DNS Security (DNSSEC) Trust Anchors", RFC 5011, September 2007. -9.2. Informative References +8.2. Informative References Authors' Addresses Matt Larson VeriSign, Inc. 21345 Ridgetop Circle Dulles, VA 20166-6503 USA Email: mlarson@verisign.com