Global Routing Operations J. Snijders Internet-Draft J. Heasley Intended status: Informational NTT Expires:August 20,September 13, 2017 M. Schmidt i3D.netFebruary 16,March 12, 2017 Usage of BGP Large Communitiesdraft-ietf-grow-large-communities-usage-02draft-ietf-grow-large-communities-usage-03 Abstract Examples and inspiration for operators for the use of BGP Large Communities.Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire onAugust 20,September 13, 2017. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. TheGenericDesignPatternOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3. . . . 2 2.1. Informational Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 2.2. Action Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Examples of Informational Communities . . . . . . . . . . . .45 3.1. Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 3.1.1. An ISO 3166-1 numeric function . . . . . . . . . . .45 3.1.2.An UNSD regionA UN M.49 Region function . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5 3.2. Relation Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 56 3.3. Combining Informational Communities . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4. Examples of Action Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 4.1. Selective NO_EXPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 4.1.1.PeerASN Based Selective NO_EXPORT . . . . . . . . .6. . . 7 4.1.2. Location Based Selective NO_EXPORT . . . . . . . . . 7 4.2. Selective AS_PATH Prepending . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 4.2.1.PeerASN Based Selective AS_PATH Prepending . . . . .7. . 8 4.2.2. Location Based Selective AS_PATH Prepending . . . . .89 4.3. Manipulation of the LOCAL_PREF attribute . . . . . . . . 9 4.3.1. Global Manipulation of LOCAL_PREF . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.3.2. Locationbased manipulationBased Manipulation of LOCAL_PREF . . . . . . 10 4.3.3. Note of Caution for LOCAL_PREF Functions . . .8. . . 11 5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1011 6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1011 7.AcknowledgementsAcknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10. 11 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1012 8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1012 8.2. URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1112 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1112 1. Introduction BGP Large Communities [RFC8092] provide a mechanism to signal opaque information between Autonomous Systems. This document presentsa set ofexamples of howLargeoperators might utilise BGP Large Communitiescould be employed by an operatorto achieve various goals. This document draws from experiencein Operational Communitiesof operational communities such as NANOG [1] and NLNOG [2].The opaque nature of BGP Large Communities allows for rapid deployment of new features or changes to the product. Operators are encouraged to publicly publish and maintain documentation of the purpose of each Large BGP Community, both informational and action, that they support or are visible in looking glasses.2. TheGenericDesignPatternOverview BGP Large Communities are composed ofa 4-octet Global Administrator field followed by two 4-octet Local Data fields. Large BGP Communities are composethree 4-octet fields. The first is the Global Administrator (GA) field, whose value is theASNAutonomous System Number (ASN) ofASthe Autonomous System (AS) that has defined the meaning of the remaining two 4-octet fields,the Localknown as "Local Datafields.Part 1" and "Local Data Part 2". This document describes an approachdefining these fields as "ASN:Function:Parameter"-approach to fillwhere thethree fields. In deployments of both BGP Communities [RFC1997]"Local Data Part 1" field contains a function identifier andBGP Large Communities, two categories of Communities exist: o Informational Communities o Action Communities For each, ideas are provided regardingthecontents of each of"Local Data Part 2" contains a parameter value. Using thethree fields in BGP Large Communities. Throughoutcanonical notation the above can be summarized as "ASN:Function:Parameter". +----------------------+---------------+ | RFC 8092 | this documenta topology| +----------------------+---------------+ | Global Administrator | ASN | | Local Data Part 1 | Function | | Local Data Part 2 | Parameter | +----------------------+---------------+ A mapping table on the usage of fields in BGP Large Communities between [RFC8092] and this document. Table 1: Field mapping In contemporary deployments of both BGP Communities [RFC1997] and BGP Large Communities, the function of a community can be divided into two categories: o Informational Communities o Action Communities Throughout the document a topology of four Autonomous Systems is used to illustrate the usage of Communities in the following configuration: AS 65551 | ^ | AS 64497 / \ ^ \ / ^ AS 64498 \ | | `<->- AS 64499 AS 64497 obtains transit services from (is a customer of) AS 65551, a 32-bit ASN. AS 64497 provides transit services to both AS 64498 and AS 64499. AS 64498 and AS 64499 maintain a peering relationship in which they only exchange their customer routes. The opaque nature of BGP Large Communities allows for rapid deployment of new features or changes to products. Operators are encouraged to publicly publish and maintain documentation of the purpose of each BGP Large Community, both informational and action, that they support or are visible in BGP RIBs. 2.1. Informational Communities InformationalCommunitesCommunities are labels for attributes such as the origin of the route announcement, the nature of the relation withthean EBGP neighbor orfor instancethe intended propagation audience. Informational Communities can also assist in providing valuable information for day-to-day network operations such asdebugging.debugging or capacity planning. The Global Administrator field is set to the ASN whichis markinglabels the routes with the Informational Communities. For example, AS 64497 might add a community with the GA 64497 to a routelearnedaccepted from aniBGPIBGP oreBGP peer thatEBGP neighbor as a means of signaling thatthe routeit waslearned from or originated by a deviceimported inthe Netherlands.a certain geographical region. Ingeneralgeneral, the intendedaudienceaudiences of Informational Communities are downstream networks and the Global Administrator itself, but any Autonomous System could benefit from receiving these communities. 2.2. Action Communities Action Communities areattached to routesadded as a label to request non-defaultbehaviour in this,treatment of aconferation orroute within anexternalAS.Action Communities could be used to changeThe operator of that AS defines routing policy which, based upon theroute'scommunities, adjusts route attributes such as its propagation characteristics, theLOCAL_PREFENCELOCAL_PREF (local preference), the next-hop, or the number of AS_PATH prepends toadd when exportingbe added upon reception orimporting a route.propagation. The Global Administrator field is set to the ASN which has defined the functionality of that BGP Large Community and is therefore the ASN that is expected to perform the action. For instance, AS 64499 mightaddlabel a route with a BGP Large Communitywith thecontaining GA 64497 tosignalrequest that AS 64497toperformana pre-defined action upon that route. Ingeneralgeneral, the intended audience of Action Communitiesis an upstream provider,are transit providers taking action on behalf of a customer or the Global Administrator itself, butrealisticallyany AS couldbetake action if they chose and any ASwilling to act upon it. 3. Examplescould add an action community with the GA ofInformational Communities 3.1. Location AS 64497 can inform its downstreama non-adjacent ASN. However, note that an Action Community could also be informational. Its presence is an indicator that the GA may have performed the action and that an AS in the AS_PATH requested it. 3. Examples of Informational Communities 3.1. Location An AS, AS 64497 in these examples, may inform other networks about the geographicalentityregion where AS 64497learnedimported a route bymarking the routelabeling it with BGP Large Communities following oneor a combinationof the followingschemes.schemes or a combination thereof. 3.1.1. An ISO 3166-1 numeric function AS 64497 could assign a value of 1 to thefirst Local DataFunction field to designate thefunctioncontent of thesecond Local DataParameter field as an ISO-3166-1 [3] numeric countryidentifiers. +---------------------+-------------------------------------------+identifier. +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | BGP Large Community | Description |+---------------------+-------------------------------------------++---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | 64497:1:528 | Route learned in the Netherlands | | 64497:1:392 | Route learned in Japan | | 64497:1:840 | Route learned in the United States of | | | America |+---------------------+-------------------------------------------++---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ Example documentation forAS 64497 usingInformational Communitiesdescribingdeployed by AS 64497 to describe theorigin of routeslocation where a route was imported using ISO 3166-1 numeric identifiers. Table1:2: Information: ISO 3166-1 3.1.2.An UNSD regionA UN M.49 Region function AS 64497 could assign a value of 2 to thefirst Local DataFunction field to designate thefunctioncontent of theparameter in the second Local DataParameter field asan identifier forthe M.49 numeric code published by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) [4] for macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, or selected economic and othergroupings following a set of published identifiers by the United Nations Statistics Division [3].groupings. +---------------------+-------------------------------+ | BGP Large Community | Description | +---------------------+-------------------------------+ | 64497:2:2 | Route learned in Africa | | 64497:2:9 | Route learned in Oceania | | 64497:2:145 | Route learned in Western Asia | | 64497:2:150 | Route learned in Europe | +---------------------+-------------------------------+ Example documentation forAS 64497 usingInformational Communitiesdescribingdeployed by AS 64497 to describe theorigin of routeslocation where a route was imported using M.49 numericidentifiers providedcodes published by theUNUnited Nations Statistics Division. Table2:3: Information: UNSD Regions 3.2. Relation Function An AS, AS 64497 in this example, could assign a value of 3 to thefirst Local DataFunction field to designatethatthesecond Local Datacontent of the Parameter fieldcontains an identifier showingas a number indicating whether the route originated inside its own network or was learned externally, and if learned externally, it might simultaneously characterize the nature of the relation withthethat specific EBGPneighbor from whom the route was received. +---------------------+-----------------------------------------+neighbor. +---------------------+---------------------------------------+ | BGP Large Community | Description |+---------------------+-----------------------------------------++---------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 64497:3:1 | Route originated internally | | 64497:3:2 | Route learned from a customer | |64497:3:264497:3:3 | Route learned from a peering partner | |64497:3:364497:3:4 | Route learned froman upstreama transit provider |+---------------------+-----------------------------------------++---------------------+---------------------------------------+ Example documentation forAS 64497 usingInformational Communitiesdescribingdeployed by AS 64497 to describe the relationwithto the ASN from which the route wasreceived.learned. Table3:4: Information: Relation 3.3. Combining Informational CommunitiesMultiple Informational Communities canA route may betagged on a route, for example:labeled with multiple Informational Communities. For example, a route learned in the Netherlands from a customercan contain both 64497:1:528 andmight be labeled with communities 64497:1:528, 64497:2:150 and64497:3:1.64497:3:2 at the same time. 4. Examples of Action Communities 4.1. Selective NO_EXPORT As part ofthean agreement, often a commercialagreementtransit agreement, between AS 64497 and AS 64498, AS 64497 mightoffer AS 64498 certainexpose BGPTraffic Engineering features such as selectively not export routestraffic engineering functions to AS 64498. One such BGP traffic engineering function could be selective NO_EXPORT, which is the selective filtering of a route learned from64498one AS, AS 64498, to certain EBGP neighbors of the GA, AS 64497. 4.1.1.PeerASN Based Selective NO_EXPORT AS 64497mightcould assignfunction identifiera value of 4 toallow preventing propagation of routesthe Function field to designate theASN listed incontent of thesecond Local Data field.Parameter field as a neighboring ASN to which a route should not be propagated. +---------------------+---------------------------------+ | BGP Large Community | Description | +---------------------+---------------------------------+ |64497:4:291464497:4:64498 | Do not export route to AS291464498 | |64497:4:701864497:4:64499 | Do not export route to AS701864499 | | 64497:4:65551 | Do not export route to AS 65551 | +---------------------+---------------------------------+ Example documentation forAS 64497 offeringAction Communities deployed by AS 64497 tolimitexpose a BGP traffic engineering function which selectively prevents the propagation of routesbased onto thePeerneighboring ASNdescribedspecified in thethirdParameter field. Table4:5: Action:PeerASN NO_EXPORT 4.1.2. Location Based Selective NO_EXPORT AS 64497mightcould assignfunction identifiera value of 5 toallow its customersthe Function field torequest selectively not exporting routes on EBGP sessions within a certain geographical area. This example followsdesignate the content of the Parameter field as an ISO 3166-1 numericencoding. +------------------+------------------------------------------------+country identifier within which a labeled route is not propagated to EBGP neighbors. However this might not prevent one of those EBGP neighbors from learning that route in another country and thereby making it available in the country specified by the BGP Large Community. +-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+ | BGP Large | Description | | Community | |+------------------+------------------------------------------------++-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+ | 64497:5:528 | Do not export to EBGP neighbors in the | | | Netherlands | | 64497:5:392 | Do not export to EBGP neighbors in Japan | | 64497:5:840 | Do not export to EBGP neighbors in the United | | | States of America |+------------------+------------------------------------------------++-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+ Example documentation forAS 64497 offeringAction Communities deployed by AS 64497 totrigger NO_EXPORT on routes only when propagatingexpose a BGP traffic engineering function which selectively prevents theroutepropagation of routes toa certainall EBGP neighbors in the geographicalregion.region specified in the Parameter field. Table5:6: Action: NO_EXPORT in Region 4.2. Selective AS_PATH Prepending As part ofthe commercialan agreement between AS 64497 and AS 64498, AS 64497 mightoffer AS 64498 certainexpose BGPTraffic Engineering featurestraffic engineering functions to AS 64498. One suchas selectivelyBGP traffic engineering function could be selective prepending of the AS_PATH with64497's ASNAS 64497 to certain certain EBGP neighbors of AS 64497. 4.2.1.PeerASN Based Selective AS_PATH Prepending AS 64497mightcould assignfunction identifiera value of 6 toallow prependingtheAS_PATH on propagation of routesFunction field to designate theASN listed incontent of thesecond Local Data field. +---------------------+------------------------------------------+ | BGP Large Community | Description | +---------------------+------------------------------------------+ | 64497:6:2914 | Prepend 64497 once on exportParameter field as a neighboring ASN to which prepending of the AS_PATH with AS2914 |64497 is requested upon propagation of the route. Additional AS_PATH Prepending functions might also be defined to support multiples of prepending, that is two, three or more prepends of AS 64497. +---------------------+------------------------------------------+ | BGP Large Community | Description | +---------------------+------------------------------------------+ | 64497:6:64498 | Prepend 64497 once on export to AS 64498 |64497:6:7018| 64497:6:64499 | Prepend 64497 once on export to AS701864499 | | 64497:6:65551 | Prepend 64497 once on export to AS 65551 | +---------------------+------------------------------------------+ Example documentation forAS 64497 offeringAction Communities deployed by AS 64497 totrigger prepending ofexpose a BGP traffic engineering function which selectively prepends the AS_PATHonlywith AS 64497 when propagating the route toa certain Peer ASN.the specified EBGP neighbor. Table6:7: Action: Prepend toPeerASN 4.2.2. Location Based Selective AS_PATH Prepending AS 64497mightcould assignfunction identifiera value of 7 toallowthe Function field to designate the content of the Parameter field as an ISO 3166-1 numeric country identifier to which the prepending of the AS_PATHonwith AS 64497 is requested upon propagation ofroutesthe route toon anyall EBGPneighbor's interconnection in the geographical entity listed in the second Local Data field. This example follows the ISO 3166-1 numeric regions codesneighbors inthe Local Data 2 field.that region. +------------------+------------------------------------------------+ | BGP Large | Description | | Community | | +------------------+------------------------------------------------+ | 64497:7:528 | Prepend once to EBGP neighbors in the | | | Netherlands | | 64497:7:392 | Prepend once to EBGP neighbors in Japan | | 64497:7:840 | Prepend once to EBGP neighbors in United | | | States of America | +------------------+------------------------------------------------+ Example documentation forAS 64497 offeringAction Communities deployed by AS 64497 totrigger prepending ofexpose a BGP traffic engineering function which selectively prepends the AS_PATHonlywith AS 64497 when propagating the route toa certainall EBGP neighbors in the geographicalregion.region specified in the Parameter field. Table7:8: Action: Prepend in Region 4.3.Location based manipulationManipulation of the LOCAL_PREFIn some cases, it can be desirable forattribute As part of anautonomous systemagreement between AS 64497 and AS 64498, AS 64497 might expose BGP traffic engineering functions to AS 64498. One such BGP traffic engineering function might allowadjacent Autonomous SystemsAS 64498 todirectly influencemanipulate thedegreevalue ofpreference associated with a route, usually expressed withinthe LOCAL_PREFattribute. Furthermore, in the caseattribute oflarge networks spanning significant geography, itroutes learned from AS 64498 within AS 64497, even though the LOCAL_PREF attribute isoften also useful to be able to extend this capabilitynon- transitive andscope its effect to a geographic region. Thistherefore isa more powerful mechanism than AS_PATH prepending, but since degreenot propagated to EBGP neighbors. The LOCAL_PREF value ofpreference determines BGP route selection and thus onward advertisement, it can also be self-limiting in its scope. Since the LOCAL_PREF attribute which influences degree of preference isroutes are locally significant within eachautonomous system, it is not usually practical or usefulAutonomous System and therefore are impossible tocomparelist in this document. Instead, the typical LOCAL_PREFattributevaluesbetween autonomous systems. Instead it cancould beuseful to classify the major types of route likely to exist within an autonomous system's routingclassified as a hierarchy andprovide an ability to set one's route to that preference: o A qualified customer route. Usually the highest preference. o A peer, or network-share, route. A co-operating network provider engaged inapartnership for customer coverage ("peering"). o A last resort, or backup route. It is entirely possible that some providers may have more classes of route preference but it is possibleBGP Large Community function exposed allowing an EBGP neighbor tocodify both the route preference class andaffect theregional scopeLOCAL_PREF value within theLocal Data fields ofspecified GA. The following non-exhaustive list defines theLarge Community attribute. For example, AS64497 might establishclasses of routes in thefollowingorder of descending LOCAL_PREF value and assigns a functionidentifiers to set route preference class,identifier which couldallow pairing withbe used in the Function field of alocation or peer-based operand to determine scope. +----------+-----------------------------------------------+BGP Large Community. +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+ | Function | Preference Class |+----------+-----------------------------------------------++----------+--------------------------------------------------------+ | 8 | Normal customer route. |10|Qualified9 | Backup customer route.Highest preference.| |1510 | Peeringpartner. Median preference.route. | |1911 | Upstream transit route. |Route of last resort. Lowest preference.|+----------+-----------------------------------------------+12 | Fallback route, to be installed if no other path is | | | available. | +----------+--------------------------------------------------------+ Table8:9: Action: Preference Function IdentifiersOnce established, these route preference setting functions can be linked with a scoping operand such as per-peer or per-location based identifiers4.3.1. Global Manipulation of LOCAL_PREF AS 64497 could place one of the previously defined Preference Function Identifiers inorderthe Function field and set the value 0 in the Parameter field toprovide AS64497's customersdesignate that the LOCAL_PREF associated with that function identifier should be applied for that route throughout the whole Autonomous System. +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | BGP Large Community | Description | +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | 64497:9:0 | Assign LOCAL_PREF for a customer backup | | | route | | 64497:10:0 | Assign LOCAL_PREF for acomprehensivepeering route | | 64497:12:0 | Assign LOCAL_PREF for a fallback route | +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ Example documentation for Action Communities deployed by AS 64497 to expose a BGP traffic engineering function which allows a BGP neighbor to globally manipulate the LOCAL_PREF attribute for the route within AS 64497. Table 10: Action: Global LOCAL_PREF Manipulation 4.3.2. Location Based Manipulation of LOCAL_PREF AS 64497 could place one of the previously defined Preference Function Identifiers in the Function field andrich toolsetuse an ISO 3166-1 numeric country identifier in the Parameter field toinfluencedesignate the geographical region within which the non-default LOCAL_PREF associated with that function identifier should be applied to the route. The value of the LOCAL_PREF attribute should not deviate from the default for that routepreference. +--------------------+----------------------------------------------+class in any region not specified by one or more of these Action Communities. +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+ | BGP Large | Description | | Community | |+--------------------+----------------------------------------------++--------------+----------------------------------------------------+ |64497:15:52864497:9:528 |Set as peerAssign LOCAL_PREF for a customer backup route on | | | BGP speakers in the Netherlands | |64497:19:84064497:10:392 |Set as backupAssign LOCAL_PREF for a peering route on BGP | | | speakers inUnited States ofJapan | | 64497:12:840 | Assign LOCAL_PREF for a fallback route on BGP | | | speakers in United States of America |+--------------------+----------------------------------------------++--------------+----------------------------------------------------+ Example documentation for Action Communities deployed by AS 64497 to expose a BGP traffic engineering function which allows a BGP neighbor to selectively manipulate the LOCAL_PREF attribute within AS 64497 in the geographical region specified in the Parameter field. Table9:11: Action: RegionalPreference Communities Since the degreeLOCAL_PREF Manipulation 4.3.3. Note ofpreferenceCaution for LOCAL_PREF Functions The LOCAL_PREF attribute strongly influences the BGPbest path selection (whichDecision Process, which in turninfluences onwardaffects the scope of routepropagation)propagation. Therefore, Operators should take special carewithwhen using Action Communities that decrease the LOCAL_PREF value, and therefore the degree of preference, to a value below that of another route class. Some of the unintended BGP states that might arise as a result of these traffic engineeringtool suchdecisions are described aslocation based local preference influence (BGP Wedgies [RFC4264])."BGP Wedgies" in [RFC4264]. 5. Security Considerations Network operators should note the recommendations in Section 11 of BGP Operations and Security [RFC7454]. 6. IANA Considerations None. 7.AcknowledgementsAcknowledgments The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the insightful comments, contributions, critique and support fromJohn Heasley,Adam Chappell, Jonathan Stewart, and Will Hargrave. 8. References 8.1. Normative References [RFC1997] Chandra, R., Traina, P., and T. Li, "BGP Communities Attribute", RFC 1997, DOI 10.17487/RFC1997, August 1996, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1997>.[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.[RFC4264] Griffin, T. and G. Huston, "BGP Wedgies", RFC 4264, DOI 10.17487/RFC4264, November 2005, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4264>. [RFC7454] Durand, J., Pepelnjak, I., and G. Doering, "BGP Operations and Security", BCP 194, RFC 7454, DOI 10.17487/RFC7454, February 2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7454>. [RFC8092] Heitz, J., Ed., Snijders, J., Ed., Patel, K., Bagdonas, I., and N. Hilliard, "BGP Large Communities Attribute", RFC 8092, DOI 10.17487/RFC8092, February 2017, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8092>. 8.2. URIs [1] http://nanog.net [2] http://nlnog.net [3]http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htmhttps://www.iso.org/iso-3166-country-codes.html [4] https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/ Authors' Addresses Job Snijders NTT Communications Theodorus Majofskistraat 100 Amsterdam 1065 SZ The Netherlands Email: job@ntt.net John Heasley NTT Communications121601111 NWColeman53rd Drive Portland, OR9722997210 United States of America Email: heas@shrubbery.net Martijn Schmidt i3D.net Rivium 1e Straat 1 Capelle aan den IJssel 2909 LE NL Email: martijnschmidt@i3d.net