--- 1/draft-ietf-tsvwg-dscp-considerations-01.txt 2022-05-12 09:13:30.701961642 -0700 +++ 2/draft-ietf-tsvwg-dscp-considerations-02.txt 2022-05-12 09:13:30.745962751 -0700 @@ -1,236 +1,272 @@ TSVWG A. Custura Internet-Draft G. Fairhurst Intended status: Informational R. Secchi -Expires: 28 July 2022 University of Aberdeen - 24 January 2022 +Expires: 13 November 2022 University of Aberdeen + 12 May 2022 Considerations for Assigning a new Recommended DiffServ Codepoint (DSCP) - draft-ietf-tsvwg-dscp-considerations-01 + draft-ietf-tsvwg-dscp-considerations-02 Abstract This document discusses considerations for assigning a new recommended DiffServ Code Point (DSCP). It considers the common - remarking behaviours that the Diffserv field might be subjected to + remarking pathologies that the DiffServ field might be subjected to along an Internet path. It also notes some implications of using a specific DSCP. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." - This Internet-Draft will expire on 28 July 2022. + This Internet-Draft will expire on 13 November 2022. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/ license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License. Table of Contents - 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 2. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 + 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 + 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Current usage of DSCPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.1. IP-Layer Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.2. Network Control Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 4. Remarking the DSCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 4.1. Bleaching the DSCP Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 4.2. IP Type of Service manipulations . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 + 4. Remarking the DSCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 + 4.1. Bleaching the DSCP Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 + 4.2. IP Type of Service manipulations . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.2.1. Impact of ToS Precedence Bleaching . . . . . . . . . 7 - 4.2.2. Impact of ToS Precedence Remarking . . . . . . . . . 7 - 4.3. Remarking to a Particular DSCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 5. Interpretation of the IP DSCP at Lower Layers . . . . . . . . 8 - 5.1. Mapping Specified for IEEE 802 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 5.1.1. Mapping Specified for IEEE 802.1 . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 5.1.2. Mapping Specified for IEEE 802.11 . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 5.2. Mappings Specified for MPLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 5.2.1. Mappings Specified for MPLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 5.2.2. Mappings Specified for MPLS Short Pipe . . . . . . . 11 - 5.3. Mapping Specified for Mobile Networks . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 5.4. Mappings Specified for Carrier Ethernet . . . . . . . . . 13 - 5.5. Remarking as a Side-effect of Another Policy . . . . . . 13 - 5.6. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 6. Considerations for DSCP Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 6.1. Effect of Bleaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 6.2. Where the proposed DSCP > 0x07 (7) . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 6.3. Where the proposed DSCP < 0x07 (7) . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 6.3.1. Where the proposed DSCP&&0x07=0x01 . . . . . . . . . 14 - 6.4. Impact on deployed infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - 6.5. Questions to guide discussion of a proposed new DSCP . . 15 - 7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - 8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - 9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - 10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - 10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 - Appendix A. Revision Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 - Appendix B. Table of DSCP Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 - Appendix C. Example of operational practice and operator - requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 - Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 + 4.2.2. Impact of ToS Precedence Remarking . . . . . . . . . 9 + 4.3. Remarking to a Particular DSCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 + 5. Interpretation of the IP DSCP at Lower Layers . . . . . . . . 10 + 5.1. Mapping Specified for IEEE 802 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 + 5.1.1. Mapping Specified for IEEE 802.1 . . . . . . . . . . 10 + 5.1.2. Mapping Specified for IEEE 802.11 . . . . . . . . . . 10 + 5.2. DiffServ and MPLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 + 5.2.1. Mapping Specified for MPLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 + 5.2.2. Mapping Specified for MPLS Short Pipe . . . . . . . . 12 + 5.3. Mapping Specified for Mobile Networks . . . . . . . . . . 13 + 5.4. Mapping Specified for Carrier Ethernet . . . . . . . . . 14 + 5.5. Remarking as a Side-effect of Another Policy . . . . . . 14 + 5.6. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 + 6. Considerations for DSCP Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 + 6.1. Effect of Bleaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 + 6.2. Where the proposed DSCP > 0x07 (7) . . . . . . . . . . . 15 + 6.3. Where the proposed DSCP < 0x07 (7) . . . . . . . . . . . 15 + 6.3.1. Where the proposed DSCP&0x07=0x01 . . . . . . . . . . 15 + 6.4. Impact on deployed infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 + 6.5. Questions to guide discussion of a proposed new DSCP . . 17 + 7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 + 8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 + 9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 + 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 + 10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 + 10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 + Appendix A. Revision Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 + Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1. Introduction The Differentiated Services (DiffServ) architecture has been deployed in many networks. It provides differentiated traffic forwarding - based on the value of the Diffserv field [RFC2474] carried in the IP - packet header. + based on the DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) [RFC2474] carried in the + DiffServ field [RFC2474] of the IP packet header. Internet traffic can be associated with a service class, and categorised into Behavior Aggregates [RFC4594]. In IP networks, - these are associated with a DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) [RFC2474]. - Each DSCP is mapped to a Per Hop Behaviour (PHB). A treatment - aggregate is concerned only with the forwarding treatment of the - aggregated traffic, which could be marked with multiple DSCPs - [RFC5127]. Treatment differentiation can be realised using a variety - of schedulers and queues, and also by algorithms that implement - access to the physical media. + these are associated with a DSCP. Each DSCP is mapped to a Per Hop + Behaviour (PHB). A treatment aggregate is concerned only with the + forwarding treatment of the aggregated traffic, which could be mapped + from a set of DSCP values [RFC5127]. Treatment differentiation can + be realised using a variety of schedulers and queues, and also by + algorithms that implement access to the physical media. Application -> Service Traffic Class | Behavior -> DiffServ -> Per Hop Aggregate Codepoint Behavior | Treatment -> Schedule Aggregate Queue, Drop Figure showing the role of DSCPs in classifying IP traffic for differential network treatment. This document discusses considerations for assigning a new DSCP. It - considers some commonly observed DSCP remarking behaviours that might - be experienced along an Internet path. It also describes some packet - forwarding treatments that a packet with a specific DSCP can expect - to receive when forwarded across a link or subnetwork. + considers some commonly observed DSCP remarking pathologies that + might be experienced along an Internet path. It also describes some + packet forwarding treatments that a packet with a specific DSCP can + expect to receive when forwarded across a link or subnetwork. The document is motivated by new opportunities to use DiffServ end- to-end across multiple domains, such as [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-nqb], proposals to build mechanisms using DSCPs in other standards-setting organisations, and the desire to use a common set of DSCPs across a range of infrastructure (e.g., [RFC8622], [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-nqb], [I-D.learmonth-rfc1226-bis]). -2. Requirements Language +2. Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. + DSCPs are specified in the IANA registry [DSCP-registry] where a + variety of different formats are described. A DSCP can sometimes + referred to by name, such as "CS1", and sometimes by a decimal, hex, + or binary value. Hex values will be represented in text using prefix + 0x. Binary values will use prefix 0b. + 3. Current usage of DSCPs This section describes current usage of DSCPs. 3.1. IP-Layer Semantics - The DiffServ architecture specifies use of the Diffserv field in the + The DiffServ architecture specifies use of the DiffServ field in the IPv4 and IPv6 packet headers to carry one of 64 distinct DSCP values. Within a given administrative boundary, each DSCP value can be mapped to a distinct PHB[RFC2474]. When a new PHB is standardized, a recommended DSCP value among those 64 values is normally reserved for - that PHB. + that PHB, and is assigned by IANA. The DSCP space is divided into three pools for the purpose of - assignment and management [DSCP-registry]. The pools are defined in - the following table (where 'x' refers to either a bit position with - value '0' or '1'). + assignment and management [DSCP-registry]. This use of the pools can + be summnarised in a table (where 'x' refers to either a bit position + with value '0' or '1'). - DSCP Pool 1 A pool of 32 codepoints with a format 0bxxxxx0, to be + DSCP Pool 1: A pool of 32 codepoints with a format 0bxxxxx0, to be assigned by IANA Standards Action [RFC8126]. - DSCP Pool 2 A pool of 16 codepoints with a format 0bxxxx11, reserved - for experimental or local (private) use by network operators (see - sections 4.1 and 4.2 of [RFC8126]. + DSCP Pool 2: A pool of 16 codepoints with a format 0bxxxx11, + reserved for experimental or local (private) use by network + operators (see sections 4.1 and 4.2 of [RFC8126]. - DSCP Pool 3 A pool of 16 codepoints with a 0bxxxx01. This was + DSCP Pool 3: A pool of 16 codepoints with a 0bxxxx01. This was initially available for experimental or local use, but which was originally specified to be preferentially utilised for standardized assignments if Pool 1 is ever exhausted. Pool 3 codepoints are now utilised for standardized assignments and are no longer available for experimental or local use [RFC8436]. + The DSCP space is shown in the following Figure. + + +---------+-------+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+ + | 56/CS7 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | + +---------+-------+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+ + | 48/CS6 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | + +---------+-------+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+ + | 40/CS5 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44/VA | 45 | 46/EF | 47 | + +---------+-------+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+ + | 32/CS4 | 33 | 34/AF41 | 35 | 36/AF42 | 37 | 38/AF43 | 39 | + +---------+-------+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+ + | 24/CS3 | 25 | 26/AF31 | 27 | 28/AF32 | 29 | 30/AF33 | 31 | + +---------+-------+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+ + | 16/CS2 | 17 | 18/AF21 | 19 | 20/AF22 | 21 | 22/AF23 | 23 | + +---------+-------+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+ + | 8/CS1 | 9 | 10/AF11 | 11 | 12/AF12 | 13 | 14/AF13 | 15 | + +---------+-------+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+ + | 0/CS0 | 1/LE | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | + +---------+-------+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+ + + Figure showing the current list of assigned DSCPs and their assigned + PHBs. + The DiffServ architecture allows forwarding treatments to be associated with each DSCP, and the RFC series describes some of these as PHBs. Although DSCPs are intended to identify specific treatment requirements, multiple DSCPs might also be mapped (aggregated) to the same forwarding treatment. Several IP standards map treatment aggregates to DSCPs, that might result in remarking: RFC5160 [RFC5160] suggests Meta-QoS-Classes to help enable deployment of standardized end-to-end QoS classes. - Note: A DSCP is sometimes referred to by name, such as "CS1", and - sometimes by a decimal, hex, or binary value [DSCP-registry]. - 3.2. Network Control Traffic Network Control Traffic is defined as packet flows that are essential for stable operation of the administered network (see [RFC4594], - Section 3). This traffic is marked using a set of Class Selector - (CS) DSCPs. Such network control traffic is often a special case - within a provider network, and ingress traffic with these DSCP - markings can be remarked. + Section 3). This traffic is marked with a value from a set of Class + Selector (CS) DSCPs. This traffic is often a special case within a + provider network, and ingress traffic with these DSCP markings can be + remarked. DSCP CS2 is recommended for the OAM (Operations, Administration, and Maintenance) service class (see [RFC4594], Section 3.3). - The DSCP CS6 is recommended for local network control traffic. This + DSCP CS6 is recommended for local network control traffic. This includes routing protocols and OAM traffic that are essential to network operation administration, control and management. Section 3.2 of RFC4594 [RFC4594] recommends that "CS6 marked packet flows from untrusted sources (for example, end user devices) SHOULD be dropped or remarked at ingress to the DiffServ network". DSCP CS7 is reserved for future use by network control traffic. "CS7 marked packets SHOULD NOT be sent across peering points" [RFC4594]. + At the time of writing, there is evidence to suggest CS6 is actively + used by network operators for control traffic. A study of traffic at + a large Internet Exchange showed around 40% of ICMP traffic carried + this mark [IETF113DSCP]. Similarly, another study found many routers + remark all traffic except those packets with a DSCP that sets the + higher order bits to 0b11 (see Section 4 of this document). + 4. Remarking the DSCP - It is a feature of the DiffServ architecture that the Diffserv field + It is a feature of the DiffServ architecture that the DiffServ field of packets can be remarked at domain boundaries (see section 2.3.4.2 of RFC2475 [RFC2475]). A DSCP can be remarked at the ingress of a - DiffServ domain. This can be with or without restoring the initial - DSCP marking at the egress of the same domain. The Diffserv field - can also be re-marked based upon common semantics and agreements - between providers at an exchange point. + DiffServ domain. This remarking can change the DSCP value used on + the remainder of an IP path, or the network can restore the initial + DSCP marking at the egress of the domain. The DiffServ field can + also be remarked based upon common semantics and agreements between + providers at an exchange point. Furthermore, RFC 2475 states that + remarking must occur when there is a possibility of theft/denial-of- + service attack. If packets are received that are marked with an unknown or an unexpected DSCP, RFC2474 [RFC2474] recommends forwarding the packet using a default (best effort) treatment, but without changing the DSCP. This seeks to support incremental DiffServ deployment in - existing networks as well as preserving DSCP markings by routers that + existing networks as well as preserve DSCP markings by routers that have not been configured to support DiffServ. (See also - Section 4.3). + Section 4.3). RFC3260 [RFC3260] clarifies that this remarking + specified by RFC2474 is intended for interior nodes within a DiffServ + domain. For DiffServ ingress nodes the traffic conditioning required + by RFC 2475 applies first. Reports measuring existing deployments have categorised DSCP - remarking [Custura] [Barik] into the following five behaviours: + remarking [Custura] [Barik] into the following seven remarking + pathologies: Bleach: bleaches all traffic (sets the DSCP to zero); Bleach-ToS-Precedence: set the first three bits of the DSCP field to 0b000 (reset the 3 bits of the former ToS Precedence field) ; Bleach-some-ToS: set the first three bits of the DSCP field to 0b000 (reset the 3 bits of the former ToS Precedence field), unless the first two bits of the DSCP field are 0b11; @@ -246,251 +282,285 @@ Remark: remarks all traffic to one or more particular (non-zero) DSCP values. 4.1. Bleaching the DSCP Field A specific form of remarking occurs when the DiffServ field is re- assigned to the default treatment, CS0 (0x00). This results in traffic being forwarded using the BE PHB. For example, AF31 (0x1a) would be bleached to CS0. - Resetting all the bits of the DiffServ field to 0 is more prevalent - at the edge of the network, and rather less common in core networks - [Custura]. + A survey reported that resetting all the bits of the DiffServ field + to 0 was seen to be more prevalent at the edge of the network, and + rather less common in core networks [Custura]. 4.2. IP Type of Service manipulations The IETF first defined ToS precedence for IP packets [RFC0791], updated by specification as a part of the ToS Field RFC1349 [RFC1349]. Since 1998, this practice has been deprecated by RFC2474 - [RFC2474]. RFC 2474 defines codepoints 0x xxx000 as the Class - Selector codepoints, where PHBs selected by these codepoints MUST - meet the Class Selector PHB Requirements" described in Sec. 4.2.2.2 - of that RFC. + [RFC2474]. RFC 2474 defines DSCPs 0bxxx000 as the Class Selector + codepoints, where PHBs selected by these codepoints MUST meet the + Class Selector PHB Requirements" described in Sec. 4.2.2.2 of that + RFC. - However, practices based on ToS semantics have not yet been - eliminated from Internet, and need to still be considered when making - new DSCP assignments. + However, a recent survey reports practices based on ToS semantics + have not yet been eliminated from Internet, and need to still be + considered when making new DSCP assignments [Custura]. 4.2.1. Impact of ToS Precedence Bleaching ToS Precedence Bleaching (/Bleach-ToS-Precedence/) is a practice that - resets to zero the upper 3 bits of the DSCP field (the former ToS - Precedence field), leaving the lower bits unchanged (see section - 4.2.1 of RFC2474 [RFC2474]). This behaviour is distinctive of non- - DiffServ aware routers and one of the more common manipulations of - the DiffServ field. + resets the first three bits of the DSCP field to zero (the former ToS + Precedence field), leaving the last three bits unchanged (see section + 4.2.1 of RFC2474 [RFC2474]). This remarking is distinctive of non- + DiffServ aware routers and a common manipulation of the DiffServ + field. The following Figure provides details. +-+-+-+-+-+-+ |0 0 0|x x x| +-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure showing the ToS Precedence Bleaching (/Bleach-ToS-Precedence/) pathology, based on Section 3 of RFC1349 [RFC1349]. + +---------+-------+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+ + | 56/CS7 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | + +---------+-------+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+ + | 48/CS6 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | + +---------+-------+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+ + | 40/CS5 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44/VA | 45 | 46/EF | 47 | + +---------+-------+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+ + | 32/CS4 | 33 | 34/AF41 | 35 | 36/AF42 | 37 | 38/AF43 | 39 | + +---------+-------+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+ + | 24/CS3 | 25 | 26/AF31 | 27 | 28/AF32 | 29 | 30/AF33 | 31 | + +---------+-------+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+ + | 16/CS2 | 17 | 18/AF21 | 19 | 20/AF22 | 21 | 22/AF23 | 23 | + +---------+-------+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+ + | 8/CS1 | 9 | 10/AF11 | 11 | 12/AF12 | 13 | 14/AF13 | 15 | + +=========+=======+==========+=====+==========+=====+==========+=====+ + | 0/CS0 | 1/LE | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | + +=========+=======+==========+=====+==========+=====+==========+=====+ + + As a result of ToS Precedence Bleaching, all the DSCPs in each column + are remarked to the smallest DSCP in that column. The DSCPs in the + bottom row therefore have a higher survivability across an end-to-end + Internet path. + + +=========+=======+============+====+======+======+============+====+ + | 0/CS0 | 1/LE | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | + +=========+=======+============+====+======+======+============+====+ + |Assigned |ToS Prec Bl.|EXP/|Used |Future|ToS Prec Bl.|Exp/| + | |of AF11..41 |LU |by SSH|NQB |of AF13..EF |LU | + +=================+============+====+======+======+============+====+ + + Figure showing 0b000xxx DSCPs, highlighting any current assignments + and whether they are affected by any known pathologies. For example, + ToS Precedence Bleaching of popular DSCPs AF11,21,31,41 would result + in traffic being remarked with DSCP 2 in the Internet core. DSCP 4 + has been historically used by the SSH application, following + semantics which precede DiffServ[DSCP4]. + If ToS Precedence Bleaching occurs, packets with a DSCP 'x' would be - remarked and then would be treated according to the PHB specified for - 'x' & 0x07. For example, AF31 (0x1a) would be remarked to DSCP 2 - (0x02). + remarked to 'x' & 0x07and then would be treated according to the + corresponding PHB. - A variation of this behaviour clears the top three bits of a DSCP, + A variation of this pathology clears the top three bits of a DSCP, unless these have values 0b110 or 0b111 (corresponding to the CS6 and - CS7 codepoints). As a result, a DSCP value greater than 48 decimal - (0x30) is less likely to be impacted by ToS Precedence Bleaching. + CS7 DSCPs). As a result, a DSCP value greater than 48 decimal (0x30) + is less likely to be impacted by ToS Precedence Bleaching. 4.2.2. Impact of ToS Precedence Remarking Practices based on ToS Precedence Remarking (/Remark-ToS/) RFC1349 [RFC1349] were deprecated by RFC2474 [RFC2474]. These practices based on ToS semantics have not yet been eliminated from deployed networks. +-+-+-+-+-+-+ |0 0 1|x x x| +-+-+-+-+-+-+ - Figure showing an example of ToS Remarking (/Remark/) pathology, + Figure showing ToS Precedence Remarking (/Remark-ToS/) pathology, based on Section 3 of RFC1349 [RFC1349]. - A less common behaviour, ToS precedence remarking sets the upper - three bits of the DSCP field to a non-zero value corresponding to a - CS PHB. This behaviour is distinctive of non-DiffServ aware routers. + A less common remarking, ToS Precedence Remarking sets the first + three bits of the DSCP to a non-zero value corresponding to a CS PHB. + This remarking is distinctive of non-DiffServ aware routers. - If remarking occurs, packets are treated using the PHB specified for - the resulting codepoint. For example, the AF31 DSCP (0x1a) could be + If remarking occurs, packets are forwarded using the PHB specified + for the resulting DSCP. For example, the AF31 DSCP (0x1a) could be remarked to either AF11 or AF21. 4.3. Remarking to a Particular DSCP - A network device might remark the Diffserv field of an IP packet + A network device might remark the DiffServ field of an IP packet based on a local policy with a specific (set of) DSCPs, /Remark/. This is sometimes performed using a Multi-Field (MF) classifier - [RFC2475] [RFC3290] [RFC4594]. For example, a common behaviour is to - mark all traffic to a single DSCP, thus removing any traffic + [RFC2475] [RFC3290] [RFC4594]. For example, a common remarking is to + remark all traffic to a single DSCP, thus removing any traffic differentiation (see Section 4.1). Bleaching (/Bleach/) is a - specific example of this that remarks to CS0 (0x00). + specific example of this pathology that remarks to CS0 (0x00). In another example, some networks do not follow the recommendation in RFC2475 [RFC2475], and instead remark packets with an unknown or unexpected DSCP to the default class, CS0 (0x00) to ensure that appropriate DSCPs are used within a DiffServ domain. (e.g., see [RFC8100]). 5. Interpretation of the IP DSCP at Lower Layers Transmission systems and subnetworks can, and do, utilise the - Diffserv field in an IP packet to select a lower layer forwarding + DiffServ field in an IP packet to select a lower layer forwarding treatment. In many cases, this use is constrained by designs that utilise fewer than 6 bits to express the service class, and therefore - infer mappings to a smaller L2 QoS field, for example, WiFi or Multi- + infer mapping to a smaller L2 QoS field, for example, WiFi or Multi- Protocol Label Switching (MPLS). 5.1. Mapping Specified for IEEE 802 - << This section is currently seeking more input. >> + The IEEE specifies standards that include mappings for DSCPs to lower + layer elements. 5.1.1. Mapping Specified for IEEE 802.1 A 3-bit Priority Code Point (PCP) is specified in the IEEE 802.1Q tag to mark Ethernet frames to one of eight priority values [IEEE-802-1Q]. The value zero indicates the default best effort treatment, and the value one indicates a background traffic class. The remaining values indicate increasing priority. Internet control traffic can be marked as six, and network control is marked as seven. The mapping specified in [IEEE-802-1Q] revises a previous standard - [IEEE-802-1D], in an effort to align with Diffserv practice: the + [IEEE-802-1D], in an effort to align with DiffServ practice: the traffic types are specified to match the first three bits of a - suitable DSCP (for example, Voice, which has PCP value 5, matches the - first three bits of EF). However, [IEEE-802-1D] maps both PCP1 - (Background) and PCP2 (Spare) to indicate lower priority than PCP0, - RFC 8622. Therefore, different behaviour is expected depending on + suitable DSCP (e.g., the first three bits of the EF DSCP is mapped to + a PCP of 5). However, [IEEE-802-1D] maps both PCP1 (Background) and + PCP2 (Spare) to indicate lower priority than PCP0, RFC8622. + Therefore, different remarking pathologies are expected depending on the age of deployed devices. 5.1.2. Mapping Specified for IEEE 802.11 Section 6 of RFC 8325 [RFC8325] provides a brief overview of IEEE 802.11 QoS. The IEEE 802.11 standards [IEEE-802-11] provide MAC functions to support QoS in WLANs using Access Classes (AC). The upstream User Priority (UP) in the 802.11 header has a 3-bit QoS - value. A DSCP can be mapped to the UP. Most existing WiFi - implementations [RFC8325] use a default mapping that utilises the - three most significant bits of the DiffServ Field to the 802.11 UP. + value. A DSCP can be mapped to the UP. + + Most existing WiFi implementations [RFC8325] use a default mapping + that maps the first three bits of the DSCP to the 802.11 UP value. This is then in turn mapped to the four WiFi Multimedia (WMM) Access - Categories. + Categories. The Wi-Fi Alliance has also specified a more flexible + mapping that follows RFC8325 and provides functions at an AP to + remark packets as well as a QoS Map that maps each DSCP to an AC + [WIFI-ALLIANCE]. +-+-+-+-+-+-+ |x x x|. . .| +-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure showing the DSCP bits commonly mapped to the UP in 802.11. RFC8325 [RFC8325] notes inconsistencies that can result from such remarking, and recommends how to perform this remarking. It proposes several recommendations for mapping a DSCP to an IEEE 802.11 UP for wired-to-wireless interconnection. The recommendation includes mapping network control traffic CS6 and CS7, as well unassigned - codepoints, to UP 0. + DSCPs, to UP 0. In the upstream direction (wireless-to-wired interconnections, this mapping can result in a specific DSCP remarking pathology. Some Access Points (APs) currently use a default UP-to-DSCP mapping RFC8325 [RFC8325], wherein "DSCP values are derived from the layer 2 UP values by multiplying the UP values by eight (i.e., shifting the three UP bits to the left and adding three additional zeros to - generate a 6 bit DSCP value). This derived DSCP value is then used - for QoS treatment between the wireless AP and the nearest - classification and marking policy enforcement point (which may be the - centralized wireless LAN controller, relatively deep within the - network). Alternatively, in the case where there is no other - classification and marking policy enforcement point, then this - derived DSCP value will be used on the remainder of the Internet - path." This behaviour can result in remarking /Reset-low/. + generate a 6-bit DSCP value). This derived DSCP value is used for + QoS treatment between the wireless AP and the nearest classification + and marking policy enforcement point (which may be the centralized + wireless LAN controller, relatively deep within the network). + Alternatively, in the case where there is no other classification and + marking policy enforcement point, then this derived DSCP value will + be used on the remainder of the Internet path." This can result in + remarking /Reset-low/. +-+-+-+-+-+-+ |x x x|0 0 0| +-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure showing the pathology resulting from deriving from UP-to-DSCP mapping in some 802.11 networks. - An alternative to UP-to-DSCP remapping is using the DSCP value of a + An alternative to UP-to-DSCP remapping uses the DSCP value of a downstream IP packet (e.g., the Control And Provisioning of Wireless - Access Points (CAPWAP) protocol, RFC5415, maps an IP packet Diffserv - field to the Diffserv field of outer IP headier in a CAPWAP tunnel). + Access Points (CAPWAP) protocol, RFC5415, maps an IP packet DiffServ + field to the DiffServ field of outer IP header in a CAPWAP tunnel). Some current constraints of WiFi mapping are discussed in section 2 of [RFC8325]. A QoS profile can be used to limit the maximum DSCP value used for the upstream and downstream traffic. -5.2. Mappings Specified for MPLS - - << This section is currently seeking more input. >> +5.2. DiffServ and MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) specified eight MPLS Traffic Classes (TCs), which restricts the number of different treatments - (e.g., see [RFC5129]). RFC 5127 describes aggregation of DiffServ - TCs [RFC5127], and introduces four DiffServ Treatment Aggregates. - Traffic marked with multiple DSCPs can be forwarded in a single MPLS - TC. + [RFC5129]. RFC 5127 describes aggregation of DiffServ TCs [RFC5127], + and introduces four DiffServ Treatment Aggregates. Traffic marked + with multiple DSCPs can be forwarded in a single MPLS TC. There are three Label-Switched Router (LSR) behaviors: the Pipe, the Short Pipe and the Uniform Model [RFC3270]. These only differ when a LSP performs a push or a pop. -5.2.1. Mappings Specified for MPLS +5.2.1. Mapping Specified for MPLS RFC3270 [RFC3270] defines a flexible solution for support of DiffServ over MPLS networks. This allows an MPLS network administrator to select how BAs (marked by DSCPs) are mapped onto Label Switched Paths (LSPs) to best match the DiffServ, Traffic Engineering and protection objectives within their particular network. - Mappings from the IP DSCP to the MPLS header are defined in + Mapping from the IP DSCP to the MPLS header are defined in Section 4.2 of [RFC3270]. - Using the Pipe Model, the "LSP Diff-Serv Information" is conveyed to - the LSP Egress so that its forwarding treatment can be based on the - IP DSCP. + The Pipe Model conveys the "LSP Diff-Serv Information" to the LSP + Egress so that its forwarding treatment can be based on the IP DSCP. When Penultimate Hop Popping (PHP) is used, the Penultimate LSR needs - to be aware of the set of PHB to encapsulation mappings for the label + to be aware of the encapsulation mapping for a PHB to the label corresponding to the exposed header to perform DiffServ Information Encoding (Section 2.5.2 of RFC3270 [RFC3270]). -5.2.2. Mappings Specified for MPLS Short Pipe - - << This section is currently seeking more input. >> +5.2.2. Mapping Specified for MPLS Short Pipe The Short Pipe Model is an optional variation of the Pipe Model [RFC3270]. ITU-T Y.1566 [ITU-T-Y-1566] further defined a set of four common QoS classes and four auxiliary classes to which a DSCP can be mapped when interconnecting Ethernet, IP and MPLS networks. RFC8100 [RFC8100] proposes four treatment aggregates for interconnection with four defined DSCPs. This was motivated by the requirements of MPLS network operators that use Short-Pipe tunnels, but can be applicable to other networks, both MPLS and non-MPLS. RFC8100 recommends preserving the notion of end-to-end service classes, and recommends that the original DSCP marking is not changed when treatment aggregates are used. The key requirement is that the DSCP at the network ingress is restored at the network egress. This is only feasible in general for a small number of DSCPs. In this - design, packets marked with other DSCPs can be re-marked (This can - result in the /Remark/ behaviour) or dealt with via an additional - agreement(s) among the operators of the interconnected networks. Use - of the MPLS Short Pipe Model favours re-marking unexpected DSCP - values to zero in the absence of an additional agreement(s), as - explained in RFC8100 [RFC8100]. This can result in bleaching - (/Bleach/). + design, packets marked with other DSCPs can be remarked (a /Remark/ + pathology) or dealt with via an additional agreement(s) among the + operators of the interconnected networks. Use of the MPLS Short Pipe + Model favours remarking unexpected DSCP values to zero in the absence + of an additional agreement(s), as explained in RFC8100 [RFC8100]. + This can result in bleaching (/Bleach/). +--------------------------------------+--------+ | RFC8100 | DSCP | | Agg. Class | | +--------------------------------------+--------+ |Telephony Service Treatment Aggregate | EF | | | VA | +--------------------------------------+--------+ |Bulk Real-Time Treatment Aggregate | AF41 | | May be added | (AF42) | @@ -498,47 +568,45 @@ +--------------------------------------+--------+ |Assured Elastic Treatment Aggregate | AF31 | | | AF32 | | Reserved for the extension of PHBs| (AF33) | +--------------------------------------+--------+ |Default / Elastic Treatment Aggregate | BE/CS0 | +--------------------------------------+--------+ |Network Control: Local Use | CS6 | +--------------------------------------+--------+ - Figure showing the short-pipe MPLS mapping from RFC 8100. + The short-pipe MPLS mapping from RFC 8100. 5.3. Mapping Specified for Mobile Networks - << This section is currently seeking more input. >> - Mobile LTE and 5G standards have evolved from older UMTS standards, - and are Diffserv aware. LTE (4G) and 5G standards [SA-5G] identify + and are DiffServ aware. LTE (4G) and 5G standards [SA-5G] identify traffic classes at the interface between User Equipment (UE) and the mobile Packet Core network by QCI (QoS Class Identifiers) and 5QI (5G QoS Identifier). The 3GPP standards do not define or recommend any - specific mappings between each QCI or 5QI and Diffserv (and mobile + specific mapping between each QCI or 5QI and DiffServ (and mobile QCIs are based on several criteria service class definitions). The way packets are mapped at the Packet Gateway (P-GW) boundary is determined by operators. However, TS 23.107 (version 16.0.0, applies to LTE and below) mandates that Differentiated Services, defined by IETF, shall be used to interoperate with IP backbone networks. The GSM Association (GSMA) has defined four aggregated classes and seven associated PHBs in their guidelines for IPX Provider networks GSMA IR.34 [GSMA-IR-34]. This was previously specified as the Inter- Service Provider IP Backbone Guidelines, and provides a mobile ISP to ISP QoS mapping mechanism, and interconnection with other IP networks in the general Internet. This describes the case where the DSCP marking from a Service Provider cannot be trusted (depending on the agreement between the Service Provider and its IPX Provider), - allowing the IPX Provider to correct the DSCP value to a static + allowing the IPX Provider to remark the DSCP value to a static default value. +---------------+-------+ | GSMA IR.34 | PHB | | Agg. Class | | +---------------+-------+ |Conversational | EF | +---------------+-------+ | Streaming | AF41 | +---------------+-------+ @@ -546,44 +614,44 @@ + +-------+ | (ordered by | AF32 | + priority, +-------+ | AF3 highest) | AF21 | + +-------+ | | AF11 | +---------------+-------+ | Background | CS0 | +---------------+-------+ - Figure showing the PHB mapping from GSMA IR.34 [GSMA-IR-34]. - -5.4. Mappings Specified for Carrier Ethernet + Figure showing the PHB mapping recommended in the guidelines proposed + in GSMA IR.34 [GSMA-IR-34]. - << This section is currently seeking more input. >> +5.4. Mapping Specified for Carrier Ethernet - Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) provides mappings of DSCP codepoints at - the IP layer to quality of service markings in the Ethernet frame - headers MEF 23.1 [MEF23.1]. + Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) provides a mapping of DSCPs at the IP + layer to quality of service markings in the Ethernet frame headers + MEF 23.1 [MEF23.1]. 5.5. Remarking as a Side-effect of Another Policy The result of applying a QoS policy (such as matching the IP address, or traffic reaching a rate limit) could also result in a packet being remarked to a different DSCP (/Remark/) when it is not admitted to a service. Traffic marked with an EF and VA DSCP are often policed by such policies. Policies and L2 procedures can also result in remarking traffic as a side-effect of other functions (e.g., in response to DDos). 5.6. Summary - << This section might contain a summary table >> + This section has discussed the various ways in which DSCP remarking + pathologies can arise from interactions with lower layers. 6. Considerations for DSCP Selection This section provides advice for the assignment of a new DSCP value. It identifies known issues that might influence the finally assigned DSCP, followed by a summary of considerations for assignment of a new DSCP. 6.1. Effect of Bleaching @@ -592,102 +660,132 @@ This is particularly important for cases where the codepoint is intended to result in lower than best effort treatment, as was the case when defining the LE PHB [RFC8622]. In this case, bleaching, or remarking to "CS0" would result in elevating the lower effort traffic to the default class. This is an example of priority inversion. 6.2. Where the proposed DSCP > 0x07 (7) Although the IETF specifications require systems to use DSCP marking semantics in place of methods based on the former ToS field, the - current recommendation is that any new assignment where the codepoint - is greater than 0x07 should consider the semantics associated with - the resulting DSCP when ToS precedence bleaching is experienced. For + current recommendation is that any new assignment where the DSCP is + greater than 0x07 should consider the semantics associated with the + resulting DSCP when ToS Precedence Bleaching is experienced. For example, it can be desirable to avoid choosing a DSCP that could be remarked to LE, Lower Effort [RFC8622], which could otherwise potentially result in a priority inversion in the treatment. 6.3. Where the proposed DSCP < 0x07 (7) - ToS bleaching can unintentionally result in extra traffic aggregated - to the same DSCP. For example, after experiencing ToS Bleaching, all - traffic marked AF11, AF21, AF31 and AF41 would be aggregated with - traffic marked with DSCP 2 (0x02), increasing the volume of traffic - which receives the treatment associated with DSCP 2. New DiffServ - codepoint assignments should consider unexpected consequences arising - from ToS bleaching. + ToS Precedence Bleaching can unintentionally result in extra traffic + aggregated to the same DSCP. For example, after experiencing ToS + Precedence Bleaching, all traffic marked AF11, AF21, AF31 and AF41 + would be aggregated with traffic marked with DSCP 2 (0x02), + increasing the volume of traffic which receives the treatment + associated with DSCP 2. New DiffServ Codepoint assignments should + consider unexpected consequences arising from this pathology. -6.3.1. Where the proposed DSCP&&0x07=0x01 +6.3.1. Where the proposed DSCP&0x07=0x01 As a consequence of assigning the LE PHB [RFC8622], the IETF - allocated the DSCP 000001b from Pool 3. + allocated the DSCP 0b000001 from Pool 3. - When making assignments where the DSCP has a format: xxx 001b, the + When making assignments where the DSCP has a format: 0bxxx001, the case of ToS Precedence Bleaching (/Bleach-ToS-Precedence/) of a DSCP to a value of 0x01 needs to be considered. ToS Precedence Bleaching will result in demoting the traffic to the lower effort traffic - class. Care should be taken to consider the implications that a DSCP - in this category could be remarked as LE. + class. Care should be taken to consider the implications of + remarking when shooing to assign a DSCP with tyhis format. 6.4. Impact on deployed infrastructure Behaviour of deployed PHBs and conditioning treatments also needs to - be considered when assigning a new DSCP. In some domains, a network - operator can provide transparent transport of unknown or unassigned - DSCPs across their domain. In other domains, policing can ensure - that only traffic that matches a policy is permitted to use a - specific DSCP (e.g., as in MPLS TC). + be considered when assigning a new DSCP. Network operators have + choices when it comes to configuring DiffServ support within their + domains, and the pathologies described in the previous section can + result from different configurations and approaches: + + Networks not remarking DiffServ: A network that implements one or + more PHBs, and does not remark DSCPs. Operators in this category + pass all DSCPs transparently. + + Networks that condition the DSCP: A network that implements more + than one PHB and enforces SLAs with its peers. Operators in this + category use conditioning to ensure that only traffic that matches + a policy is permitted to use a specific DSCP (see RFC8100 + [RFC8100]). This requires operators to choose to support or + remark a new DSCP assignment. + + Networks that remark in some other way , which includes: + + 1. Networks containing misconfigured devices that do not comply + with the relevent RFCs. + + 2. Networks containing devices that implement an obsolete + specification or contain software bugs. + + 3. Networks containing devices that remark the DSCP as a result + of lower layer interactions. + + For example, the ToS Precedence Bleaching (/Bleach-ToS-Precedence/) + pathology cannot arise in the case of networks not remarking + DiffServ, but can arise as a result of traffic conditioning at + operator boundaries. It can also arise in the case of + misconfiguration or in netwroks using old equipment which precedes + DiffServ. 6.5. Questions to guide discussion of a proposed new DSCP A series of questions emerge that need to be answered when considering a proposal to the IETF that requests a new assignment. These questions include: - * How is the proposed service class characterised? - What are the + * Is the request for local use within a DiffServ domain that does + not require interconnection with other DiffServ domains? This can + use DSCPs in Pool 2 for local or experimental use, without any + IETF specification for the DSCP or associated PHB. + + * How is the proposed service class characterised? What are the characteristics of the traffic to be carried? What are the expectations for treatment? * Service Classes that can utilise existing PHBs should use assigned DSCPs to mark their traffic: Could the request be met by using an - existing IETF DSCP? How would the proposed new DSCP be used to - map traffic to a new or existing PHB? - - * Diffserv domains can use the codepoints in Pool 2 for local or - experimental use, without any IETF specification for the DSCP or - associated PHB: Could the request be met by using a DSCP chosen - from Pool 2? Or is the DSCP intended to be used at network - interconnections? + existing IETF DSCP? The proposed new treatement be used to map + traffic to a new or existing PHB. - * This documents describes some observed marking behaviors (see also - below): What is the expected effect of currently-deployed - remarking on the end-to-end service? + * Does the service class request assigning new DSCP? Specification + of a new recommended DSCP requires Standards Action. RFC2474 + states: "Each standardized PHB MUST have an associated RECOMMENDED + codepoint". If approved, new IETF assignments are normally made + by IANA in Pool 1, but the IETF can request assignments to be made + from Pool 3 [RFC8436]. - * Many DiffServ domains support only a small number of treatment - aggregates: What are the effects of treatment aggregation on the - proposed method? + * Many What are the effects of treatment aggregation on the proposed + method? Section 5.2 describes examples of treatment aggregation. - * This documents describes some observed treatments by layers below - IP: What are the implications of using the proposed DSCP on the + * What are the implications of using the proposed DSCP on the expected lower layers over which the traffic may be forwarded? + Section 5 describes some observed treatments by layers below IP. - Specification of a new recommended DSCP requires Standards Action. - RFC2474 states: "Each standardized PHB MUST have an associated - RECOMMENDED codepoint". If approved, new IETF assignments are - normally made by IANA in Pool 1, but the IETF can request assignments - to be made from Pool 3 [RFC8436]. + * If a new DSCP is needed for an end-to-end service, then what is + the expected effect of currently-deployed remarking on the end-to- + end service? Section 4 describes some observed remarking + pathologies, and Section 6.4 identifies root causes for why these + remarking pathologies are observed. 7. Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the helpful discussions and analysis by Greg - White and Thomas Fossati in a draft concerning NQB. We look forward - to further comments and review. + White and Thomas Fossati in a draft concerning NQB. Ruediger Geib, + and Brian Carpenter contributed comments, along with other memebers + of the TSVWG. 8. IANA Considerations This memo provides information to assist in considering new assignments to the IANA DSCP registry (https://www.iana.org/assignments/dscp-registry/dscp-registry.xhtml). This memo includes no request to IANA, or update to the IANA procedures. @@ -713,20 +811,24 @@ "Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers", RFC 2474, DOI 10.17487/RFC2474, December 1998, . [RFC2475] Blake, S., Black, D., Carlson, M., Davies, E., Wang, Z., and W. Weiss, "An Architecture for Differentiated Services", RFC 2475, DOI 10.17487/RFC2475, December 1998, . + [RFC3260] Grossman, D., "New Terminology and Clarifications for + Diffserv", RFC 3260, DOI 10.17487/RFC3260, April 2002, + . + [RFC3290] Bernet, Y., Blake, S., Grossman, D., and A. Smith, "An Informal Management Model for Diffserv Routers", RFC 3290, DOI 10.17487/RFC3290, May 2002, . [RFC4594] Babiarz, J., Chan, K., and F. Baker, "Configuration Guidelines for DiffServ Service Classes", RFC 4594, DOI 10.17487/RFC4594, August 2006, . @@ -747,20 +849,24 @@ 10.2. Informative References [Barik] Barik, R., Welzl, M., Elmokashfi, A., Dreibholz, T., and S. Gjessing, "Can WebRTC QoS Work? A DSCP Measurement Study", ITC 30, September 2018. [Custura] Custura, A., Venne, A., and G. Fairhurst, "Exploring DSCP modification pathologies in mobile edge networks", TMA , 2017. + [DSCP4] Kolu, A., "Bogus DSCP value for SSH", online + https://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd- + stable/2010-July/057710.html, 2010. + [GSMA-IR-34] GSM Association, "IR.34 Guidelines for IPX Provider networks (Previously Inter-Service Provider IP Backbone Guidelines)", IR 34, 2017. [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-nqb] White, G. and T. Fossati, "A Non-Queue-Building Per-Hop Behavior (NQB PHB) for Differentiated Services", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-tsvwg-nqb-03, 2 November 2020, . [RFC8622] Bless, R., "A Lower-Effort Per-Hop Behavior (LE PHB) for Differentiated Services", RFC 8622, DOI 10.17487/RFC8622, June 2019, . [SA-5G] 3GPP, "System Architecture for 5G", TS 23.501, 2019. + [WIFI-ALLIANCE] + Wi-Fi Alliance, "Wi-Fi QoS Management Specification + Version 2.0", Wi-Fi QoS Management Specification + Version 2.0, 2021. + Appendix A. Revision Notes Note to RFC-Editor: please remove this entire section prior to publication. - * Individual draft -00 - - * Individual draft -01; Comments from Martin Duke; Brian Carpenter; - Ruediger Geib, and revisions to improve language consistency. - - * Individual draft -02; Revisions to improve language consistency. - - * Working Group -00, replacing draft-ietf-tsvwg-dscp-considerations- - 02. - -Appendix B. Table of DSCP Values - - This table may help in the discussion of DSCP remarking. The current - assignments are at: Section 8. - - +-------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ - |Hi \ Lo|0b 000|0b 001|0b 010|0b 011|0b 100|0b 101|0b 110|0b 111| - +-------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ - | 0b 000|BE/DE |LE | CU |Pool 3| CU | CU | CU |Pool 3| - | | CSO | | |LU/EXP| | | |LU/EXP| - +-------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ - | 0b 001|CS1 | CU |AF11 |LU/EXP|AF12 | CU |AF13 |LU/EXP| - +-------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ - | 0b 010|CS2 | CU |AF21 |LU/EXP|AF22 | CU |AF23 |LU/EXP| - +-------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ - | 0b 011|CS3 | CU |AF31 |LU/EXP|AF32 | CU |AF33 |LU/EXP| - +-------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ - | 0b 100|CS4 | CU |AF41 |LU/EXP|AF42 | CU |AF43 |LU/EXP| - +-------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ - | 0b 101|CS5 | CU | CU |LU/EXP|VA | CU |EF |LU/EXP| - +-------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ - | 0b 110|CS6 | CU | CU |LU/EXP| CU | CU | CU |LU/EXP| - +-------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ - | 0b 111|CS7 | CU | CU |LU/EXP| CU | CU | CU |LU/EXP| - +-------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ - - LU/EXP - Local or Experimental Use - CU - Currently Unassigned (reserved for IANA allocation) - - Table: Summary of Currently Assigned DSCP Values - -Appendix C. Example of operational practice and operator requirements. - - RFC5127 backbone networks are often over provisioned under stable - operating conditions. Operating and maintaining a plethora of - differentiated, DSCP based service differentiations can be - operationally difficult. Network Operations staff might not be happy - to reconfigure all or a majority of the backbone routers in response - to frequent DSCP-to-PHB mapping table configuration changes. - - Instead, operational practice might prefer a simple to configure and - operate, comprehensible with limited expertise for monitoring and - debugging. + * Individual draft -00, initial document. - - For discussion: + * Individual draft -01, address comments from Martin Duke; Brian + Carpenter; Ruediger Geib, and revisions to improve language + consistency. - There are a set of different expectations of traffic sources and - sinks that set DSCP markings: + * Individual draft -02, revise to improve language consistency. - * Is the setting behaviour intended to enable a local or sectional - differential treatment, without expecting end-to-end service - differentiation? + * Working Group -00, replace individual draft. - Example: A sender domain that sets DSCPs to influence stream - playout priorities in receiver browsers, or any/many unknown - intentions when setting DSCPs. + * Working Group -01, address feedback in preparation for IETF 113 + Vienna. - * Is the setting behaviour intended to enable a local or sectional - differential treatment, without expecting end-to-end service - differentiation? + * Working Group -02: - Example: A sender domain that sets DSCPs to influence stream - playout priorities in receiver browsers, or any/many unknown - intentions when setting a DSCP. + Consolidate terminology after IETF 113 Vienna. - * Is the setting behaviour intended to enable end-to-end service - differentiation with an expectation of interconnection agreements - in place? + Add clarification to RFC2474 and RFC2475 addressed in RFC3260 + (Comments from Ruediger Geib). - Example: Provider interconnection agreements, e.g., for the - public telephony service. + Include figures to show the full list of codepoints, their + assigned PHBs & impact of ToS Precedence Bleaching. - * Is the setting behaviour intended to enable end-to-end service - differentiation without an expectation of interconnection - agreements in place? + Add network categories that differentiate between network + operator approaches to DiffServ. - Example: The Non-Queue-Building or Lower Effort PHBs. + Add Terminology section to clarify representations of DSCPs. Authors' Addresses Ana Custura University of Aberdeen School of Engineering Fraser Noble Building Aberdeen AB24 3UE United Kingdom